Crazy Lanie :: essays research papers

Katie Lanie transferred to Seton Catholic mettlesome school during our junior year. Katies reason for leaving Carl Isle high school centered around one fly-by-night statement, No one in that school understood me. Katie said this to me almost every day and I produced only mixed reactions to her claim. I thought it would discern more than a few short years of high school to completely understand a person. And frankly, not everyone cares about anothers problems, especially high school kidsmost of them care about themselves and their status only. Sadly, I admit I fell into this group and didnt get out until I found my appreciation for Katie. Throughout the year I kept Katies words in mind and they started to make sense. Seton Catholic was a small high school, so it wasnt too long before everyone knew Crazy Lanie. Thats the nickname the boys at school gave her. Katies physical appearance and loud-mouth intimidated the new-made Catholic school boys, but her oblivious attitude ca emplo y her to be unaware of this. Katie was very opinionated and spoke out in class on a daily basis. These habits were annoying when you were trying to learn, but they came in handy in our Economics class. There was one word that every Seton Catholic student used to describe the Economics teachertorture. Then Katie came and turned that class around. Her first love is talking, then politics and current issues. So she talked up a surprise in class, eventually strayed away from the subject at hand, and turned our class into a current issues debate team. A lot of us appreciated Katies unintentional deeds and some didnt. One guy in particular who didnt take pleasure in Katies existence was mike Reckliss. Mike was an on the edge type of guy who only cared about his motorcycle and classthats where he got most of his shut-eye. Katie, Mike, and I had Business Law unitedly every day after lunch. By the time we got to class, Mikes stomach was full and he was ready for his afternoon nap. But wit h Katie there, baby Mikey was a crabby pants. On one particular day, we were discussing a persons rights to property. Our teacher explained that his neighbors tree branches were hanging over onto his property, so technically he was entitled to cut down the branches that extended beyond the property line. Before our teacher could finish his story about property, the light in Katies head turned on.

privacy :: essays research papers

It is just part of rules that some American private companies offer, there are many others rules which had been made and could be followed. But for Chinese industry there are less such industry moral principle to follow .In another aspect, only to take the mode of self-regulation for industry, only to depend on the self-regulation of private detective company and the conscious of its employees, it is not enough obviously. So in America, the government still made some(prenominal) acts to restricted the industry, and protect the seclusion. And for China the situation is different. Majority of people do not receive too well education, and quality of majority is not trustful, so we must stigma complete law, but not the model of self-regulation of people themselves. And we know there is no enough law about the protection of privacy especially for the earnings privacy of Chinese citizens. And in my opinion, Chinese government is in urgently needed to build law of privacy especial for the Internet privacy, and it should emphasize these following points.Principle 1 draw in clear the range of internet privacy, it will benefit to the judgments in law case.Principle 2 arrive clear how the data of individual in Internet is collected legally, and how the personal information in web site be used legally.Principle 3 emphasize on the protection of the peace for people to surf on the Internet, and avoid they were disturbed by spasm e-mail illegally.Principle 4 make specific act about the protection of childrens privacy, because it is some different from the adult, and we can learn some from the children privacy protection act in America. Principle5 make clear how to punish people who infringe others privacy and digital privacy surely, in order to fulfill some vacuum of reprehensible law in China.4.2 for IndividualFor individual, we should do more education, and make them to know the importance of their privacy, to be more careful when they was requested for the personal information. And encourage them to hire more attention to protect their privacy.In American, more and more employers are monitoring their workers on the job. In fact, according to the American Management Association, nearly manoeuver quarters of U.S. companies now electronically monitor employees in several ways. And with China open to the world, more and more foreign company came to China, and those companies also take often action to surveillance their employees, much of this surveillance is legal, so in order to protect your privacy in the working place, individual need to know what he should do.

Title IX Amendment Essay -- American Government, Sports

In 1972, after the feminists movement, a proposition achievement was created to help increase hiring rates and employment practices of federally financed institutions for women. The amendment proposition first caught attention in 1969 when a professor and future womens activist Bernice Sandler apply executive orders created by President Johnson years earlier to fight for her job at the University of Maryland. Sandler encouraged and filed her first complaint to the Department of Labor office that her rights were non being considered. The complaint went further and passed not whole the University of Maryland but onto universities that have showed low admission rates of female employees. Sandler then joined straight off (National Organization for Women) and collaborated with Womans Equity Action League (WEAL). Together Sandler filed 250 complaints against colleges across the nation. After the file complaints Bernice Sandler joined with Representative Judith Greens subcommittee f or higher(prenominal) Learning and appeared at a womens rights congressional meeting. That is when gentle IX was then first proposed by Green and Sandler at the meeting. With the help of Congresswomen Patsy T. Mink, title of respect IX was finally introduced and drafted. The amendment had a huge impact on female collegiate athletes, but was not mentioned in the meeting. According to Wikipedia Title IX reads No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education class or activity receiving Federal financial assistance... The concern of present day Title IX amendment was revised in order to reflect gender equality, big(a) females the same opportunity as males to get ... ...tment of Education disapproves of cutting teams in order to approve with Title IX (Wikipedia). I believe that the point of the Title IX amendment was not to hurt male sports. It is the sch ools choice to cut back sports that do not bring revenue, but they have to do it with their budget and to comply with the rules of the amendment. I hope they mess find a way to keep it equal with both genders using the same budget. I stay optimistic that it is only going to get better right when the economy begins to get better. Until then, Title IX is going keep cutting male sports for years to come unless they can find some outsource money like private schools do to keep all of their sports. Our education system has a lot of improvement to make. I also think that California is getting the worse part of it since were in a lot worse money crisis compared to the other states.

The Impressionist Movement :: essays research papers fc

Impressionism was a movement that occurred in both art and poetry. It was a time in which the people broke from the traditional standards or styles. They treasured to bring new ways of expressing their ideas to their societies. These ideas were seen through subjects of interest, such as art and poetry. Claude M whizzts Woman with a Parasol Madame Monet and Her Son and William Butler Yeatss The angry Swans at Coole both characterize important aspects of the Impressionist Age.The word impressionism is mostly associated with the artistic movement. The first time this term was used with reference to art was when one writer was speaking of a painting by Claude Monet, called Impression Sunrise (1872, Musee Marmottan, Paris). The term was first officially used in 1877 (Impressionism). The artists of this movement were characterized as impressionists because of their alter works (Monet, Claude Oscar). They were part of a group in which the artists shared similar styles and techniques bet ween 1867 and 1886. Some of the important artists were Monet, Renoir, Pisarro, Sisley, Morisot, as well as a a couple of(prenominal) others (Pioch). Monet and Renoir both painted scenes of La Grenouillere. Their work signified the beginning of this new age of art (Mataev). The Impressionist Movement grew because these painters wanted a assorted style, a new technique, and paintings with more unique subjects. The popular paintings of the time were all approved by the Academie des Beaux Arts. The standard type of paintings that were most commonly approved include a scale of tones for forming shapes and blacks and browns for making shadows. These classical paintings were realistic, usually of scenes indoors. Impressionists turned from this traditional art and began to paint their subjects outside, utilise unarranged light. These paintings were more spur-of-the-moment type, and appeared less realistically (Impressionism). at that place are certain characteristics that set impression ist art apart from all other styles of art.Impressionists, both in art and poetry, portrayed great images of their subjects by using their styles or techniques. They often captured scenes with vivid color, with great light effects, and with motion (Sporre 525). The impressionist painters tried to view their subjects not as what they really were, but as different areas of color, shapes and light. They commonly used quick, free brush strokes of non-detailed spots of color. This method created a lively appearance (Sporre 527). Impressionists did not mix their colors, as the earlier artists had done.

Islams Appeal Essay -- Islam Middle East Islamic Essays History

Islams AppealIslam revolutionized the way people thought in the Middle-East. The Prophet spewed forth The reciprocation of God (Cleveland 8) amid reflection, whether his own or that of God, concerning the problems which afflicted Meccan society (8). The subsequent production of the Quran fostered discipline and promoted spiritual growth. Mohammad, under the banner of Islam, united nomadic, feuding tribes in the indigent plains of Arabia. The Seal of Prophets brought new rights to women and renewed a commitment to aid the destitute. All Muhammads revelations brought welcome change. One thousand years later, the message has not changed in any significant respect. One-time innovation was Islams blessing- but is now its curse. In my opinion, steadfast refusal of the ulema reduces the overall appeal of Islam.Sometime in the tenth century, the ulama shut the door on modernization by halting the modification of the shariah. Beforehand, the academic community was able to make additions to Islamic law through consensus, or ijma (30). Some three hundred years after the foundation of t...

Islams Appeal Essay -- Islam Middle East Islamic Essays History

Islams AppealIslam revolutionized the way people thought in the Middle-East. The Prophet spewed forth The Word of immortal (Cleveland 8) amid reflection, whether his own or that of God, concerning the problems which afflicted Meccan society (8). The subsequent production of the Quran fostered discipline and promoted spiritual growth. Mohammad, under the banner of Islam, united nomadic, feuding tribes in the barren plains of Arabia. The legal tender of Prophets brought new rights to women and renewed a commitment to aid the destitute. All Muhammads revelations brought welcome change. One thousand years later, the message has not changed in either significant respect. One-time innovation was Islams blessing- but is now its curse. In my opinion, steadfast refusal of the ulama reduces the overall appeal of Islam. roughtime in the tenth century, the ulama fill up the door on modernization by halting the modification of the shariah. Beforehand, the academic community was able to make a dditions to Islamic law through consensus, or ijma (30). Some three hundred years after the foundation of t...

Wit by Margaret Edson

Wit Every student has at some header in his or her educational career had a teacher that seemed completely unreasonable and immune to any sympathy towards the student. In the spiel Wit by Margaret Edson the main character is Dr. Vivian guardianship who is an esteemed professor of early 17th century poetry and fits the bill of the hard-nosed stubborn professor. This character is diagnosed with cancer and the play is about her treatments and battle with the cancer that ultimately at the end of the play leads to her death. Throughout the play itself Dr.Bearing goes with many trials and tribulations and her interactions with the audience, doctors, former students, and herself all show how she goes through stages in order to come to terms with her illness. In the first stage of the play where Vivian is initially diagnosed she shows signs of defiance, which gives the play a real disembodied spirit scenario feeling because it is inwrought to be in denial for a person under her circums tances. She feels as if she can beat this disease and get back to teaching as presently as possible. There are many of times that she tells the doctors (and audience) to keep giving the highest dosing of chemotherapy.Dr. Bearing understands what she is going to go through and is in terms with that on an understanding level. She even reads books on medical terminology so as to not feel inferior to the doctors when they are reading her charts to her. This also shows the sense of denial and ignorance Dr. Bearing has to the big picture. And this big picture is that in the end she will die. All her life she has been studying and she relates to the two doctors in that way because they are taking her as information and data and she respects that in the beginning.Her attitude toward being handle as data begins to change and she begins to resent that feeling. Then she has a flashback to a received point in her teaching career that she was the same way with her students. This one particul ar student asked for an extension on a paper because he had to jaunt home due to his grandmother dying. Dr. Bearing responds by saying, Do what you want, but the paper is due when it is due. This flashback hits home to her because she understands how the student felt because she is now being treated that way by the doctors which angers her.Throughout the play there is one character that sees Dr. Bearing as a human being, not just data. This is Susie, the head nurse charge to care for Vivian. These two have an interesting relationship. The entire time Dr. Bearing is in the hospital no one visits her and really Susie is the but person actually caring for her. In the beginning of the play it seems that the main character is annoyed by Susie in a way because at times she corrected her and detest the question of, How are you feeling today? This slowly begins to change and the relationship switches when Susie tries to talk to Dr.Bearing about reducing the chemotherapy treatments. B oth of the characters realize now that the cancer is not diminishing and is continually spreading so Susie is showing mildness by not simply labeling her and wanting her to suffer in order to collect more data. Dr. Bearing comes to terms with this and enters a stage of depression. During this part of the play Vivian distances herself from human contact even more and spends her days simply in bed alone, only having little communication with Susie. The last emotion Dr. Vivian Bearing goes through is that of recognition.This last part of the play also shows the development and trust in the relationship amid Susie and Bearing. Dr. Bearing tells Susie, not her head doctor, family member, or anyone else that she wants to be labeled as a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) patient. A decision like this is generally talked over surrounded by a patient and family or the head physician but Vivian sees that Susie is the only person who cares for her in some way at this point in her life basically. Th e characters throughout the play help Dr. Bearing come to terms with her illness, whether it is positively or negatively.The former student of hers and when she told that story to the audience showed her how she was missing that feeling of compassion both for and now towards her. While she does not regret how she taught she realizes that she should have treated the students better because she is feeling how they felt with how the doctors are treating her now. In the end it is Susie who helps Dr. Bearing clinch and accept the fact that she is going to die, but she will not die alone now because of her knew friend Susie and that is what Dr. Bearing has been searching for all along, company and support.

Hamlet Speech Draft Essay

In Shakespeares famous play hamlet, juncture reveals the duality of gentle nature as he is the hero of peerless plot whilst a baddie in the other. hamlet portrays the heroic characteristics through bravery and fearlessness. On the other hand, he is a villain because he is a coward, disrespectful and he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. But Hamlet is neither a terminate hero nor a complete villain. He is both, and this contributes to Shakespeares message concerning the duality of human nature. The following paragraphs will elaborate on Hamlets 3 different types of personalities.Hamlet existence a hero of a plot is a major theme in the play. This is shown by through his actions of avenging his gos death by cleanup spot the current king Claudius, Hamlets uncle. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of braveness by following the ghost ignoring the fears of his friend for him strong enough to break the restraining hold and follows the horrible illusion non knowing what could happen to him. Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 4, 88 95 Hold off your hands, My fate cries out and makes each petty artery in this soundbox as hardy as the Nemean lions nerve. Still am I called.- Unhand me, gentleman. By heaven, Ill make a ghost of him that lets me I say, away. -Go on. Ill follow thee. Hamlet does this because he is in desperate urge of wanting to discover how his father died and that he truly beds his father.The final reason for Hamlet being a hero is because he is non afraid of facing a politically superior man. This means that hamlet is not afraid to instance the king a person more powerful than him and tell everyone the truth about what happened to his father. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of fearlessness when is ready to fight the king. This is proven when he says Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene2 198 -200 I am constant to my purpose, they follow the Kings pleasure. If his fitness speaks, mine is ready. Now or whensoever, provided I be so fit as now These words show that Hamlets fearlessness quality and that he is not afraid of facing a person very much more powerful than him. Hamlet shows his bravery, fearlessness and determination through his action and speech and those are the qualities of a hero.Although Hamlet has many great Heroic qualities, he also has numerous villain characteristics shown through his actions and speech. He may be seen as a villain because he caused the death to the whole royal family including Polonius, Ophelia and correct himself. One of his villain characteristics is portrayed when Hamlet said some harsh words to his mother making her feel threatened. Hamlet-Shakespeare, Act 3, Scene 4, 21-23 Come, come, and sit you down. You shall not budge. You go not till I set you up a glass Where you may see the inmost part of you. These words illustrate one of Hamlets villain characteristics of being disrespectful.In addition to that, he broke Ophelias heart, as well as killing her father which caused her to conk out insane and lead her to commit suiciding. He also lied to his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern changing the letter making them the suspect of execution. Hamlet says Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene 2, 61-66 Why, man, they did make love to this employment. They are not near my conscience. Their defeat does by their own insinuation grow. Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes between the pass and fell incensed points of mighty opposites. This shows that Hamlet is a coward, not facing execution himself but had to make his innocent friends face execution for him. These evidences proves that Hamlet is a villain because the death of the king Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Laertes, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and himself is caused by him either directly or indirectly.Shakespeare uses the characters in the play Hamlet, especially the protagonist Hamlet to imitate the duality of human nature. Hamlet is a perfect suit of a duality because he is both noble and immo ral at the alike(p) time. An example of this is at the beginning when he is shocked over his father death and his mothers quick remarriage to his uncle. This is shown in the text when Hamlet says Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 151-158 even she O, God, a beast, that wants discourse of reason would have mourned lifelong married with my uncle, my fathers brother, but no more like my father than I to Hercules. Within a month, ere yet the salt of most unworthy tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. He then changes when he soon discovers about how his father was murdered and desires to seek revenge.Another example of a duality is that Hamlet exposes the noble side of himself. This is when he grieves for his father and despises the situation that his mother has left him in. He says Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 85-88 These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passes show these but the trappings and the sui ts of woe. This makes the reader feel that he dislikes his mother but on the contrary he still loves her even though she has left him in a miserable situation. These examples portray the duality of human nature from the character Hamlet.Hamlet can be both the hero due to the bravery and fearlessness he has shown through his actions. Although he shows heroic qualities, he can still be a villain through his coward, disrespectful and immoral actions. Hamlet is often noticed that he has more than one side to his personality at the same time and this is revealed through the play when he stands for what he believes in and takes avenge for his fathers death but in the contrary not solely did he kill Claudius, he was involved in everyones death including Ophelia, Polonius, Gertrude, Laertes, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and that he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. Through these actions, Hamlet portrays the qualities of the duality of human nature.

The Causes of the Collapse of the Bretton Woods System

When U. S. President Richard Nixon form onlyy ended the backing of U. S. currentness by the flamboyant standard trunk in 1971, the distinguished attempts of the Bretton Woods delegates finally ended. . This paper pass on examine the causes of the death of the Bretton Woods dodging Some have blamed it on the changing situation of the internationalistic sparingal system separates blamed it on the failure of the corpse itself. We will explore the Bretton Woods establishment, its ideals and contradictions, in an attempt to discern what indeed went wrong.Fixing the replace target between the U. S. long horse and other currencies was doomed to failure because of various principles of macroeconomics which will be analyzed herein. However, in spite of its failures, the Bretton Woods dust played a crucial role in the economic development of Europe and Japan in the decades immediately after humanness contend II.Its original tendency was the economic rehabilitation of Europe an d Japan, and in this, the Bretton Woods System was indeed successful. The make of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 could be traced to a number of minds. The most definitive of these was the increasing allot imbalance of the U.S. miserliness. The Cold War between the United States and the USSR drained the U. S. Treasury, leading to deficit spending, and a surge in imports.In particular, the Vietnam War became a veritable black hole of runaway spending. Furthermore, the rehabilitated economies of Europe and Japan soon made up for lost ground, and caught up to the United States economy. The U. S. economy, booming throughout the fifties and Sixties, finally reached the point of deficit in the early 1970s. At this time, the U. S. started to experience massive cash outf slump to the rest of the dry land.This was certainly instrumental in the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, only if not the only reason. A second reason for the end of the Bretton Woods System was the lack of au tonomy to maintain its workings. As the U. S. currentness came to a crisis in the early 1970s, the System collapsed. The supranational Monetary Fund (IMF), the authority to control the up-to-dateness flip run, had no power to stop the System from collapsing, and the System subsequently spiraled out of control.The powerlessness of the IMF was due to the lack of autonomy of the U.S. coin dominance based on the gold standard. In this paper, we will array that these reasons were the main causes of the end of the Bretton Woods System, by analyzing the economic data and considering the economists and historians arguments. The origin of the Bretton Woods System will be explored to clarify the theory behind the System. Additionally, we will review the public economy of the 1950s, when the Bretton Woods System was working effectively, and compare it to the world economy of the 1960s, when the System began to lose effectiveness.The comparison is necessary to answer to the indecision w hy the Bretton Woods System became ineffective although it was functional at the beginning. This paper will also analyze the structure of the International Monetary Fund, to see how that also was instrumental in bringing the Bretton Woods System to its close. It is important to understand how the IMF had been trying to standardize the currency until 1973, the year in which the world transferred to the transfer currency system from a pegged commuting rates system.The United Nations Monetary and Financial league, better known as the Bretton Woods Conference, was a meeting among 730 delegates representing the 45 confederative nations of the Second field War. The conference was held at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The conference followed the conclusion of the Second World War and convened from July 1 to July 22, 1945. The purpose of the delegates at this Conference was to point a natural world(prenominal) economic sanctify following the trauma of the war, not simply a re-hash of the world economic system of the 1930s.Most economists agreed that that system had not been efficient during the spot between world wars. Depression hit the United States in 1929, and recession gripped the world economy in the thirties. While some nations let their currencies float, others set a policy of pegging their currency to gold or other currency. This system had outbreaks of competitive devaluation. In order to keep their reserve at a high level, governments introduced exchange control, restricted the use of foreign currency and imposed higher tariffs barriers to limit the volume of imports.World trade declined because of these restrictions, and the world faced very slow economic recovery in the 1930s. Delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference worked to revamp these short-sighted, restrictive policies. They felt the need to establish economic institutions which would transform the world economy into a well-oiled machine, one which promoted i nternational trade for all countries..The delegates created trine major structures the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or the World Bank and the International Trade Organization (ITO). However, in 1950, the U.S. Congress nixed the formation of the ITO, and it never got off the ground. In place of the ITO, a treaty was agreed upon by most of the world economic powers and the rest of the world.The treaty was commonly known as the General conformity on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which took over the ITO ideology. The other two institutions, IMF and the World Bank, were to take responsibility of being the bi-pillar system of the Post-Second World War global economy. The purpose of the World Bank was to promote development, and that of the International Monetary Fund was to maintain order in the international monetary system.The delegates of the Bretton Woods Conference based the new global economic structure on a code of what they felt to be economic fairness. This code related to a global regime of rooted(p) but adjustable exchange rates. This system of adjustable rates was designed to implement equity on a world economic scale. The adjustable fixed rate provided exchange rate stability in the short run, just like the gold standard system. At the same time, it also allowed the possibility to adjust the exchange rate when a national balance of payment is in a crucial state of disequilibrium.However, the weakness of this adjustable exchange system was that it lacked the stability, the certainty of the gold standard and the flexibility of the flexed exchange rate regime. Despite the demerits of this currency exchange mechanism, the Bretton Woods System worked fairly well in the 1950s and early 1960s. The adjustable-fixed exchange was successful in increasing international trade and supporting the recovery of the economy in Europe and Japan.The system resulted in the per rate system, under which curr encies of the extremity countries were fixed within 1% of the value of the U.S. dollar, which was pegged to the value of gold. With this system, the IMF was successful between 1946 and 1966, although it had its kinks. The Bretton Woods delegates hastened the integration of the world economy, but they could not so easily carry through a smooth currency exchange system, because the destruction of the Second World War was too massive to recover without unilateral action such as discarding the pegged exchange rate system. Some nations set up their own restrictions on trade and currency exchange so that the IMF could not get those countries into the world currency system.Moreover, the ruined European nations requested massive funding from the IMF until 1950. In spite of IMF mistakes, the global economy progressed after 1951. The Fund successfully spread its economic activities to all members, not just to the fund users. However, after 1966, the world economy changed substantially once again. The problems inherent in the Bretton Woods System started to be exposed piecemeal in the mid-1960s. Richard N. Cooper, in his book The International Monetary System, listed the features of the Bretton Woods System as well its contradictions..The first characteristic of the system was that member countries of the Bretton Woods System would determine their own domestic economic policies. This permitted autonomy of domestic economies, enabling nations to pursue their own internal economic objectives, such as assuring low inflation or achieving the natural unemployment rate. The second feature of the Bretton Woods System, according to Cooper, was that the U. S. currency be pegged to gold. The third feature was that other nations adopted the adjustable-exchange rates system.Cooper argues that these three features of the Bretton Woods System contradicted each other Countries could not frame their national economic policies independently and still maintain fixed exchange rates and currency convertibility except by luck and coincidence. That potential conflict was recognized by the Bretton Woods architects Cooper suggests that to fix these contradictions, the creators of the system, the delegates, added two elements. One was the establishment of the IMF, and the other was fixation exchange rates under the condition that a nation comes to a severe economic imbalance.According to Cooper, the Bretton Woods System architects assumed that new gold return coming into monetary reserves would be an ample supply to fuel adequate growth. The US dollar, they further assumed, would be able to provide for the required liquid state to keep the exchange rate at the fixed level. However, until the 1970s, growth in the global gold demand had been increasing faster than new gold production. World monetary reserves outside the United States increased by $54 one thousand thousand, a 4. 5 per cent per annum growth rate.United States gold reserves departed to other countries t o the tune of $9 billion, while only $4 billion came from new gold production. Foreign exchange, which was overwhelmingly in dollars as the medium of choice, supplied $30 billion of the growth in reserves. Additionally, the IMF started, in 1970, to provide Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), which is the new type of international reserve assets generally called paper dollars. U. S. gold reserves declined dramatically during this period because its stock of gold had gone to much of the rest of the world.The reasons for this exodus of American capital were complicated and controversial. Military expenditures involved with the Cold War and the Vietnam War predominate. As the result of heightened expenditures, the United States tried to increase its money supply regardless of being able to back it up with gold reserves. The rest of the world accumulated these lost U. S. reserves until the beginning of the 1970s, which caused uncertainty in the value of the US dollar itself. The second reason for the exodus of U. S. capital was that the European and Nipponese economies had caught up to the United States economy.Due to the increased economic clout of revived nations, the United States began suffering from the trade deficit. European nations and Japan were taking advantage of the underestimated price of their currency, enabling them to increase the volume of their exports. The United States suffered because of the high price of the dollar relative to other currencies. After accumulation of the wealth, European countries and Japan embarked on converting reserve surpluses into dollar reserves. They practiced this policy because of the interest that could be earned on U. S. dollars.Moreover, if it ever became necessary the U. S. dollar could be converted to gold. These were miscalculations of the International Monetary Fund creators.. In these ways, the Bretton Woods economic structure was undermined, as the nominal price and real value of U. S. currency came into conflict. In 1970, in order to restore the system, the IMF introduced a new international reserve asset. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) were expected to supplement the other components of global reserves, i. e. U. S. dollars and gold. The need for liquidity in the international monetary system was the reason for the creation of SDRs.In 1970, when the SDRs were first allocated, the United States had the largest share, totaling about $867 million, followed by the United Kingdom, at $410 million. According to Acheson, A problem is the prospect of conflict over the amount of SDRs to be created. The development of the new asset system was eventually unsuccessful. Richard Harper argues that the failure of IMF came from a fundamental problem within the system itself. The problem, he puts, is that a fixed exchange-rate system requires national governments to arrange their monetary policy in problematic ways.If, for instance, one nation has continuously higher inflation rate than others, it cannot c ompete in the world market, and its citizens would be buying more expensive imported products, leading to trade deficits. Therefore, the government has to be adjusting to its trading partners all the time. Harper goes on to say that under the pre-1914 gold standard system, there would no such problem because the inflation rate would spill over to the countries around it and achieve a convergence. By contrast, under the par value system, the mechanism of self-converging is missing.Harper summarizes his thoughts about monetary cooperation between nations Lack of co-ordination of monetary policies and, in particular, the implementation of inappropriate policies by any individual(a) member, resulted in the countries in question facing runs on their currency when there was perceived to be an imbalance between their internal monetary policies and external exchange rates. He argues that this systematic flaw was closely related to the ultimate obsolescence of the Bretton Woods System. Inst ability of the System came to a head, and it collapsed, like a house of cards.The real house of its death was in 1971, when U. S. officials declared suspending the convertibility between dollars and gold, making other nations currency float. The fixed exchange rates between U. S. dollars and other world currencies disappeared, and the Bretton Woods System went the way of the dinosaursextinction. After its collapse, on March 19, 1973, the central banks of the world economic powers gave up their commitment to stabilize exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar.After suspending the convertibility from dollars to gold, the fixed exchange rates between U. S. currency and others began to disappear, even though many nations insisted on keeping the pegged exchange rates of the Bretton Woods System. Riccardo says It now seems clear that the really demand characteristic of Bretton Woods was not the maintenance of party but the convertibility of the dollar After March 1973, the central banks rapidly discovered that it was simply not contingent to abandon exchange rates to market forces completely. In this way, the Bretton Woods System lost its anchor componentconvertibility from dollars to goldin 1971, then an ancillary key componentadjustable-fixed exchange rates in 1973.Henceforth, currency valuations were determined according to market fluctuations. The IMF lost the function of setting exchange rates.. Conclusion The Bretton Woods System came to an end in 1973, almost three decades after the Conference. The System contained contradictions and flaws since its foundation in 1945. Some economists argue that the systems defects were negligible, and that the problem lay in the changing world economy, not the Bretton Woods System itself. However, it is undeniable that the mechanisms of the Bretton Woods System were not flexible enough to adjust to a changing world economy.Adaptability is the key to survivability, and in this sense, the Bretton Woods System was doomed to failure. The revivals of European nations and Japan were predictable, given the scope of international policy to revive these moribund economies. More than xxx years have passed since the collapse of the Bretton Woods System. Some economists say that Bretton Woods II is emerging in the world today.. The fact that China pegs its currency to the US dollar seems similar to the situation at the Bretton Woods Conference of yesteryear.Because of the fixed exchange rate system between the Chinese Renminbi and the U. S. dollar, the United States suffers a considerable trade deficit with China today. . Matthias Kaelberer argues that Bretton Woods II would be different from the classic one, for the Bretton Woods System from 1944 to 1973 was agreed upon by its members, while the emerging system of today comes from Chinese de facto unilateral behavior pegging its currency to the U. S. currency. However, he also emphasizes that, no matter what their origin, reviewing the classic Bretton Woods System will be instrumental and important to predict the consequences of the Chinese-American fixed exchange rates relationship.The Bretton Woods Conference helped ease the worlds economy through a tumultuous period after the Second World War. Although the economic solutions they espoused seem anachronistic today, we should also thank the architects for playing a vital role in restoring some affinity of equilibrium to a world in tatters.BibliographyAcheson A. L. K. , Chant, J. F. and Prachowny M. F. J. Bretton Woods Revisited Evaluations of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Papers Delivered at a Conference at Queens University, Kingston, Canada.Toronto, On, Canada University of Toronto Press. 1972.Chacholiades, Miltiades. International Monetary Theory and Policy. New York McGraw-Hill. 1978.Cooper, Richard N. The International Monetary System Essays in World Economics. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. 1987.Harpe r, Richard. Inside the IMF Ethnography of Documents, Technology, and Organizational Action. San Diego Academic Press. 1998.Parboni, Riccardo. The sawbuck & its Rivals. London, England Verso. 1981. Witteveen, H. J and Szabo-Pelsoczi, Miklos (ed. ).Fifty Years after Bretton Woods The New Challenge of East-West Partnership for Economic Progress. Brookfield, Vt. , USA Avebury. 1996Stone, Randall. Lending Credibility The International Monetary Fund and the Post-communist Transition. Princeton University Press, 2002 Matthias Kaelberer. morphologic Power and the Politics of International Monetary Relations. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies. Washington Fall 2005. Vol. 30, Iss. 3http//proquest. umi. com. myaccess. library. utoronto. ca/pqdlink? Ver=1&Exp=04-03-2012&FMT=7&DID=911841951&RQT=309 Accessed on April 3, 2007. Via ProQuest.

Why Spiderman is better than Batman

In my opinion, Spiderman is the best suspicious book torpedo ever, and significantly superior to Batman. He is the most popular and most commercially happy superhero, according to a poll by Empire magazine in May 2011. I grew up loving Spiderman He was the superhero that I most cerebrate to. I would watch avidly of his exploits and victories, his life as a reluctant super hero and his emotional turmoil in his non-Spidery snips.When I was a kid, I couldnt quite understand why they made a TV show of Batman but not one of Spiderman. You remember the show with Adam tungsten as Batman in a somewhat camp romp through Gotham City as POW and SLAM was emblazoned across the screen. And yet, no Spiderman TV show. It was the corresponding with the movie genre the first Batman movie starring Michael Keaton as the caped crusader was released in 1989, but the first Spiderman was not released until 2002. Batman always seemed to get the bigger care and all the glory .Well I think that Spider man is the better super hero by far, and here are some reasons why Spiderman has the longest lasting comic his comic The Amazing Spiderman was created in 1962, and continues to capture the imagination of every generation, which shows how relatable his character is. Spiderman is more agile and flexible than Batman, he has the famous spider reflexes, and he has in the past proved that he is an equal match for Batmans brawn, when he defeated evils such as Dr Octopus, The Green Goblin, Venom and many more.In the 2001 adaptation of the movie, Ill be the first person to raise my hand and admit that Tobey Maguire is creepy. There is no doubt in my mind that, he is a itsy-bitsy raciness weird, and maybe not the best person in the world to represent the worlds greatest comic book hero, but neer the less, for its time the movie is still impressive, more so than the Michael Keaton version of Batman. Compare it to the new Amazing Spiderman with Andrew Garfield in, and in that respect is no competition. The new movie itself boldly knocks spots hit the dreary Batman competition, and its special effects are truly phenomenal.And Andrew Garfield is pretty darn cute If Captain America can vanquish Batman, anyone can. Simply, if Batman can allow himself to be beaten by Marvels campest creation, he is clearly no match for Spiderman. Spiderman, un the like Batman, actually has a girlfriend. For all his money and playboy reputation, Bruce Wayne never has a kinship worthy of the one that say Spiderman and Gwen Stacey have. shot managed to pull Gwen without Bruce Waynes money or fame, which goes to show Peter Parker, is the nicer twat.Spiderman broke the mould as the first stripling with his own comic book series, since previously teenage protagonists usually took the understudy role as the mere side kick. Unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin, Spider-Man did not benefit from being the protg of any adult superhero mentors like Captain America and Batman, and thus had to learn for himself that with great power there must also come great responsibilitya line included in a text box in the final gameboard of the first Spider-Man.Unlike Bruce Wayne, Peter Parker doesnt use being an orphan as an excuse to parade around as a vigilante instead he accepts his gift and uses it for the greater honest. Spiderman actually has super powers Batman has to rely on gadgets such as shark repellent to get him out of tricky situations. And what self-respecting hero carries around shark repellent in his purse? Spiderman doesnt have to train in the mountains with weird ninja monks and he doesnt have the big fiscal advantage of Batman. He doesnt need to showy gadgets etc, he save crawls around, doing his thing, without the aid of a sidekick like Robin.Ben had Jerry, Morecombe had Wise, and SpongeBob had Patrick, whereas Spidey flies solo. He is so safe at what he does he doesnt need someone to hold his hand as he crosses the road. No matter what, Spiderman gets the job done, unlike Batman who needfully his birdie to save him from the bad guys, to lay out the guy behind him who was about to clock him over the head with a chair (another KAPOW ), and to be the blundering sonny boy to make Batman look better than he really was. Spiderman needed nobody, because he doesnt have ego issues.Spidey is a good role model because he over came adversity etc, he was a nerdy teenager, who was bullied a lot by a guy named Flash. This makes him a good role model for kids, since he doesnt go around scaring people in the night, like Batman. Batman puts on a stupid voice and tries to scare his foes. It has no effect or purpose, he just looks stupid. Batman deliberately asks for trouble, hes a creepy guy in a costume. If a guy started parading around in a costume and raceway around at night in your town, Im sure you would have something to say about it, and he would be thrown in the yeasty bin.Batman gets too much attention, just like his alter-ego, w hereas Peter Parker manages to maintain a normal life as well as masquerade as Spiderman. Peter Parker has, over the years, developed from shy, nerdy high school student to troubled but outgoing college student, to married high school teacher to, in the late 2000s, a single freelance photographer, his most typical adult role. Whereas, Bruce Wayne has pretty much not developed as a character over his span of comics. Batman could never catch Spiderman Spidey is just to fast for him. Batman would be nothing without his car/money/gadgets.At the end of the day hes just a normal guy with a fetish for bats. Think about it. Batman has great abilities and gadgets, but they are nothing that any normal human cant get. Spiderman has physical abilities way beyond the hang in of non-mutated humans precognition, the strength to bench 10 tons, incredible agility but batman is a normal human. Spiderman is a mutated human, mutated to be stronger, faster and more agile than a regular human. I know th is is fiction, but lets be a bit more realistic here, in a fight, the chances are heavily in Spidermans favour.Im a firm believer in the idea that superheroes teach you things, and its usually a pretty simple lesson. Superman teaches you to be nice and to be a good person because thats the way you make things better for everyone. Batman teaches you that if youre determined enough, and if you try your hardest, one man can change the world. And also, that is okay for a man to wear sullen tights, as long as he is a millionaire playboy. Those are great guidelines, not just for comic books or films, but for life. But Spidermans lesson is a little less sugar-coated, and a little more human.Spiderman teaches you that youre going to screw up. Its going to happen, and its going to be bad. Youre going to make bad decisions and its going to feel like theyre going to crush you. Its going to hurt. But Spiderman also teaches you that the only way to get through it is that you never, ever quit. I ts not easy, but even if it seems impossible, you can beat anything that stands in your way. You can become the person you want to be, therefore being the better hero of the two, because the most important thing is to learn something from the selfless behaviour of your childhood ideal.

Describe ”people” of the 7P’s in a report using your chosen company Essay

IntroductionFor this assignment I am going to inform one of the 7Ps. In this case I am going to describe people for my chosen community, DELL.A age of directors of nine people runs the company. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters.These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company the Finance Committee, which handles fin ancial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board) and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.The corporate social make-up and management of Dell extends beyond the board of directors. The Dell Global Executive Management Committee sets strategic directions. Dell has regional senior vice-presidents for countries other than the get together States, including David Marmonti for EMEA and Stephen J. Felice for Asia/Japan. As of 2007update, other officers included Martin Garvin (senior vice president for worldwide procurement) and Susan E. Sheskey (vice president and Chief Information Officer).ConclusionDELL has got a huge inside organisation with a lot of employees and managers.Read AlsoWhat is a Descriptive Essay

Evolution of Technology Essay

Men are only so good as their technical developments lay offs them to be (Orwell 56). When the technology boom occurred in the 1990s and beyond, a typical students backpack would consist of a boondoggle, leather-bound planner, pager, cassette player, 3. 5 atomic number 49 floppy disk, and a hard intersect textbook. Time advanced, and eventually made its way into the 2000s, when then a backpack would hold a keychain game, CD player, soft cover textbook with a CD-ROM, and a box-shaped cell phone.Technology continued to grow into the next decade with backpacks full of smart phones, laptops, graphic calculators, receipts for online textbook purchases, MP3 players, a backup charger, and a 4GB flash drive attached to the bags zipper. Evolution of technology has come into major(ip) play, and has begun to conquer todays baseball club with one discovery at a time. For example, as assembly lines become familiar to many, technology advancements closely follow.While hundreds of employees used to manually run a factory, the majority of the hard work is now done by gondolas, also known as artificial labor. This change has affected business owners positively, thus allowing for young positions to help run the technology and to ensure all is running well. After such advancements were formed in our society, hundreds to thousands of new companies and manufacturing plants have been built, resulting in a major increase of available jobs to the middle class, which currently, the majority of United States citizens currently occupy.Recently, IBM teamed up with Corporate Service Corps (CSC) in order to send 30 volunteers away into different countries to work on technology-related assistance, such as distance learning programs, and upgraded laser eye treatments. The fact that advanced technology can help to cede millions of lives has been one of the biggest reasons for such a large demand. IBM plan to take on several projects in different countries such as India, Brazil, China, E gypt, Ghana, and more.A total of 12 teams will go into each of those countries and successfully complete the projects for better technology-based education and eye treatments, which will cost approximately $250,000 each, all paid for by IBM. The boilers suit project has not only opened up new opportunities for those willing to add this adventurous project to their resume, but its also reaching break to communities in dire need, something that the latest technology has allowed to be done.Furthermore, technology has been able to expedite the process of sending aid to places I need more pronto and efficiently with the release of new features to currently existing pieces of technology, as well as software applications. Renowned author Sarah Murray explains, When a huge earthquake fall Haiti in 2010, the addition of Haitian Creole spoken by 8m people in that country to Microsofts online translation engine, which was achieved in just five days, helped add-on workers who needed to b e able to translate quickly.Something as simple as an online translation system, a piece of virtual technology, was able to help save thousands to millions of lives in Haiti. One of the biggest issues in aid relief is the language and unfamiliar surrounding barrier, which Microsoft has been able to defeat with the use of several applications. The company has been closely working with good programmers to create certain software which allow for a variety of functions, such as Twisted Pair Wave software, which allows humanitarian professionals to keep in tinct with one another from any device by keeping connected to one specific network.Relief workers can then locate others in the field of force by sending a ping signal to the network, which helps when in an entirely new environment and unsure of the native language. Technology continues to save the lives of many, by creating jobs that allow people to continue and support their family, as well as being able to provide support for th ose in a life-or-death situation when it comes mess to the essentials such as food, water, and housing. Some fortunate people fail to realize how difficult it really is to obtain such aid.While technology has helped to eradicate inutile jobs and help to decrease labor costs, it has resulted in the creation new useful jobs, such as manufacturing the actual technology to be used in a computer, and a computer specialist field that help to put the newly-made computers to use. Thus, if a job is able to be taken over by a machine that is incapable of independent thought, the job may be less suitable for a human being. While ATMs have replaced bank-tellers, we now have newly instal jobs which focus on repairing, and manufacturing the ATM machines it works like a two-edged sword.

The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts

Scholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of heathenish conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new trip on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. heathenish groups be defined as a community of people who shargon cultural and linguistic characteristics including religion, language, history, tradition, myth, and origin.This root will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical speculation explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could non be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic power. Finally, it will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when enforceed judiciousl y.According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, realist scholar Barry Posen claims that anarchy creates competition and hostility between ethnic, religious and cultural groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical protection through the accumulation of resources and military power. Interestingly, Posen notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than visible assets in military competition.Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity building which often are inaccurate and biased thus perpetuating cultural differences and hatred of the other. 1 Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly magnify to warfare when one group coerces or dominates the other militarily or ideologically. Realists, such as Posen do not ignore the fact that ideas are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rath er use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence.In his article, Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? , Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called symbolic politics. According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, Group myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist mobilization. 2 Kaufman believes that these myths produce emotion-laden symbols that make mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to kick upstairs and make extremist policies popular. 3 Both Posen and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their respective theories. According to Posens realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a autochthonic contentious relationship between the Croats and Serbs. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Croats, the Serbs were justifiably fearful for their security.T heir ability to mobilize and slight military utility prompted mutual fear and competition from the Croats, which in turn resulted in the Serbs launching what they perceived to be a preventative war. 4 Kaufmans symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, the struggle for relative group worth5 and that charismatic leadership such as Milosevic and Tudjman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. 6 Upon in depth analysis of both scholars explanations, I found individually to be very similar and credible.In my opinion, Kaufmans symbolic politics theory does not undermine Posens realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kaufmans explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical myths. ) In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as carapace studies to further support his symbolic politics theory.The most dominant explanation for ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed that European colonialism created strife by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources forcing them the compete with each other for survival. While I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, I do not think they are the lonesome(prenominal) ones. After reading Stuart Kaufmans in depth explanations, I am now convinced that repute systemsor overleap thereof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict.In Northern Sudan, Islamic values encouraged hostile expansionism of Sharia law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submi t to it. Similarly, the creation of hostile myths against the Tutsi minority and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily states lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by political elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions.Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Posen admits that peacekeeping can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine their past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third companionship options include the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. all(a) of these solutions have had su ccess in some areas and failures elsewhere.When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes forced to implement material methods of assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is always a last resort, the use of partitions has become a highly effective but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary purpose it provides people with meaningful associations and security.Chaim Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive interethnic conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worth undertaking if they are saving the lives that would have been sacrificed if they had not occurred. 7 Critics of the use of partitions such as Radha Kumar argue that they do little to reduce violence, but instead escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8 In his article, When All Else Fails Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century, Chaim Kaufmann does a good muse at deconstructing this myth.He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to stay where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only serves as an organizational vehicle which would enable them to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9 Kumars arguments are further refuted by Kaufmanns use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence actually diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India and Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result of the partition, but rather the lack of complete separation between rival groups with in those regions. Kaufmann concedes that the case with Israel and Palestine is a special circumstance due to the fact that Palestinian threats are so pervasive that Israels existence is dependent on the partition.In contrast, Kumars strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its psychological effects are permanent. 10 After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of using partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important.In closing it is important to understand that each case of ethnic conflict studied has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus the causes and solutions to each situation are unique as well. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and securi ty factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence.While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear capability and partitions are effective deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post conflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. exactly in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building.Ive arrived at this conclusion, not only through academic analysis but also through personal experience. As a fourth generation Jewish American who grew up in the melting lowlife of New York City, I have been fortunate to witness the success of democratic values first hand. While I understand that constructing civic identities based on universal values of lib erty and justice for all may seem like an overly idealistic notion, I need only to look at the success of my country and my city to know that it can be done.

Literary Merit in Bram Stoker’s Dracula Essay

Although it is rather a subjective concept, literary deservingnessoriousness essentially means the worth, musical note, or excellence of a writing sex act to other easy-renowned literary masterpieces. In a Constitutional framework, the absence or presence of literary merit would determine the governments limits to freedom of expression. To possess literary merit would mean that the work is non obscene. The landmark case of Miller vs. California enumerates key guidelines to ascertain the literary merit of a grumpy text, to wit1) Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient chase2) Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically specify by the applicable state law , and3) Whether the work, taken as a whole drops serious literary, artistic, policy-making or scientific value. (Miller vs. California, 37 L. Ed. 2nd 419, 431 (1973))Fundament ally speaking, in any framework, to have literary merit is to have value.The popularity of Bram Stokers novel genus Dracula has reached such endemic proportions that it has been claimed to be the most know book next to the Bible. A Victorian novel with the distinctive gothic appeal toward the macabre, Dracula has undeniably become a classic milestone in horror fiction. Establishing its literary merit however, is a assorted matter. A inspection from The Athenaeum, an influential periodical in Victorian England described the novel as sensational. The review further statesDracula is highly sensational, but it is wanting in the constructive art as well as in the higher literary sense. It reads at times like a mere serial of grotesquely incredible dismantlets but there are better moments that show more power, though even these are never productive of the tremor such subjects evoke under the authorize of a master. (The Athenaeum, 26 June 1897). Emphasis supplied.The unremitting succ ession of the bizarre, the gross and the fantastic, as explained in the review, would seem tantamount to a lack of refinement in the higher literary sense. This observation was supplemented by another review of the same impressionThe plot is too complicated for reproduction, but it says no little for the authors power that in spite of its absurdities the reader can follow the story with interest to the end. It is, however, an artistic mistake to fill a whole volume with horrors. A touch of the mysterious, the terrible, or the witchlike is infinitely more effective and credible. (Manchester guardian, 15 June 1897). Emphasis supplied.As interpreted, instead of relying on the intelligence of the reader to grasp on their own the entailment of subtle nuances and take in the various shifts and twists in the story as it evolves, Stoker instantly and infinitely bombards the reader with an onslaught of palpable and shocking horrific scenes as if the reader is too untrustworthy and eleme ntary to deal with subtleties.If there seems to be little literary merit in the intellectual or critical sense, Dracula is still credited for its universal bid. The Pall Mall Gazette, in a commentary of Dracula statesthe story deals with the Vampire King, and it is horrid and creepy to the last degree. It is also excellent, and one of the best things in the supernatural line that we have been lucky enough to hit upon. (Pall Mall Gazette, 1 June 1897). Emphasis supplied.The universal allure of Dracula is probably in its resurrection of the vampire lore in a straightforward, practical and illustrative fashion. A vivid and uncomplicated quote from the novel confirms this I shall cut off her head and fill her oral cavity with garlic, and I shall drive a stake through her body (Stoker, 261). The novels refreshing simple mindedness is also evidenced in the following reviewHere, for the latest example, is Mr. Bram Stoker taking in hand the old-world legend of the Were-wolf or vampire, with all its weird and exciting associations of blood-sucking and human flesh devouring, and interweaving it with the threads of a long story with an earnestness, a directness, and a simple good faith which ought to go far to earn readers of fiction to surrender their imaginations into the novelists hands. (The Daily News, 27 May 1897). Emphasis supplied.While Bram Stokers Dracula is deficient in literary refinement, it nonetheless is considered to have literary merit by rightfulness of the fact that it captures mans imagination. It certainly has value for having the extraordinary capacity to fascinate multitudes across time. Ultimately, its worth, quality or excellence is confirmed by its ceaseless popularity.Works CitedBooksMiller, Elizabeth. Bram Stokers Dracula A Documentary Volume. Detroit Gale, 2004.Stoker, Bram. Dracula. London Penguin Books, 1994.ArticlesDracula. The Athenaeum 26 June 1897 235.Dracula. The Daily News 27 May 1897.Dracula, by Bram Stoker. Manchester Guardian 15 June 1897.For Midnight Reading. Pall Mall Gazette 1 June 1897.JurisprudenceMiller vs. California, 37 L. Ed. 2nd 419, 431 (1973).

Free-Speech on College Campuses Essay

Thesis Statement The prohibition of hate-speech or any speech which constitutes a clear and present danger to students on college campuses is a good and necessary policy. Summary of Opinions The put out of free-speech on college campuses poses a complex debate. separate factors of the controversy include the rights to personal safety and free ex barrackion, as rise up as factors of racial and gender tolerance. The volatile nature of the issue ensures adjudication at the highest levels and also a far-reaching historic set of precedents, none of which has successfully answered the issues of free-speech and civic welfare. It seems prudent that the US Constitution should provide the framework by which all policies of free-speech are reckoned. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution states, in part, that Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the immunity of speech. This freedom is deemed a fundamental right, because it assures individual self-fulfillment or autonomy, (Zingo 17) . Zingo discusses how the 1st amendment serves many interests it is a performer of advancing knowledge and searching for truth it gives all members of society an opportunity to participate in the political process of self-governance and it provides a safety valve for society because suppression of discussion is injurious to society. (Zingo) With that in mind, it is also useful to see counter-arguments which posit a more modernist interpretation of the First Amendment. Media-law experts attempt to impose the eighteenth-century warnings of freedom of speech and press on the modern world as if no changes have taken place. Today, First Amendment doctrine assumes that political censorship still poses a greater and more real threat to our rational self-governing ideal than self-gratification, (Collins, and Skover 25). However, the Constitutional and judicial basis for encumberions on free speech stands far aside from this contention the ultimate Court ruled on a case challengin g speech regulation question in either case is whether the words used are used in much(prenominal) circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will make about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree, (Zingo 18).Questions and Rhetorical StrategiesKey questions1) What constitutes clear and present danger?2) What are methods for enforcing legislation.3) How have prior Supreme Court first amendment cases been stubborn?4) How to define a hate-crime.Rhetorical strategies To convince that racial discrimination, sexism, and hate-crimes constitute a clear and present danger to students on college campuses will require evidence and citation from legal opinions and legal precedent. The hate-crime according to preliminary research seems to be a well-established fact, backed by substantive evidence and scientific study. Despite the tremendous strides resulting from complaisant rights l egislation, racism remains one of the most pressing social problems in the USHate crimes have been prominent on university campuses for the last two decades but vary widely in their targets and severity. (Marcus et al.) Whether or not a college chooses to restrict the freedom of speech based on the Constitutional premise of clear and present danger on that point is a question as to whether or not prohibition of discriminatory speech, alone, will curtail racialist and discriminatory practices. In recent years, attempts to curtail racially discriminatory activities have focused largely on speech codes to limit inflammatory presentations (Altman, 1993) but these attempts have not been well received. (Marcus et al.) Audience I trust that prohibition of hate-speech or any speech which constitutes a clear and present danger to students is an important issue for all citizens, but especially to those who may be impacted directly by hate-crimes. Most minority students wqill probably be sy mpathetic to my thesis while conservatives will see it as an infringement of civil rights. Ironically, liberals may also diorama it this way, or even more ironically they may not view it this way and in so doing, they will have become sympathetic to a restraining of free-speech. BibliographyCollins, Ronald K. L., and David M. Skover. The Death of Discourse. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1996.Marcus, Ann, et al. Perceptions of Racism on Campus. College Student Journal 37.4 (2003) 611+.Zingo, Martha T. Sex/Gender Outsiders, Hate Speech, and Freedom of Expression grass They Say That about Me?. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers, 1998.Jacobs, James B., and Kimberly Potter. Hate Crimes Criminal Law & Identity Politics. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2001.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay

Have you incessantly wondered what the US would be like if our politics was a authoritarianism? Well, thanks to our founding fathers for creating a wholesome constitution, we dont have to worry about that. The constitution was written in 1787 in Philadelphia. The puzzle was that the existing government that was under the Articles Of Confederation wasnt very successful. Therefore, the fifty-five delegates representing twelve out of the bakers dozen states came together to tweak our constitution to create a strong government without allowing one person, or grouping of people to have too some(prenominal) power.The framers employ the Constitution to protect against Tyranny in troika right smarts federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances. One way that the framers protected against Tyranny was through federalism. The different governments will separately control each new(prenominal), at the same time will be controlled by itself. (Document A) By separating the ii different governments ,it creates a double security to the rights of the people Commentary, and the two control each other and itself. exact more Tyranny constitution essayThis guards from a dictatorship because it keeps the power completely separated between primeval and state government but keeping the power even at the same time, so that one doesnt inherit too much. Document A states that powers given to the central government imply regulate trade, conduct foreign relations, provide an army and navy, decl be war, print and coin money, set up post offices, and make immigration laws. Powers given to the states include set up local governments, hold elections, rear schools, pass marriage and divorce laws, and regulate in-state business.The two different parts government hold their hold different powers and responsibilities that are both special(a) and shared to keep it fair. This guards from totalism because it splits up the rolls between the central and state government but still keeps them even. Federalism is one of the main ways framers used to protect against tyranny. another(prenominal) way the framers used the Constitution to protect against tyranny was separation of powers. (L)iberty requires that the triple great departments of power should be separate and distinct. (Document B) For our government to be successful we much create three main levels of government where powers are distributed. This guards from tyranny because it makes positive(predicate) that no branch has more power than one another because they check each other. Document B states that in the Constitution article 1 parting 1, article 2 section 1 clause 1, and article 3 section are about the three separate branches in our government and what responsibilities that each one holds.With our government having three different branches each one has its own limited powers that make a democracy possible. This guards against tyranny because no branch overpowers each other, nobody gets too much power, and the powers are evenly distributed. interval of powers is one of the main things framers used to protect against tyranny. A third way that the framers used the Constitution protects against tyranny was checks and balances. The constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in much(prenominal) a manner as that they check on the other The main goal is to make sure that each of the three branches have control over each other but still separated. This protects against tyranny because each branch has powers the control one another. In document C it states how each level of government limits and balances each other out to keep the powers even, and how our government is constitutional. Each different part of the government has three separate branches the uses the Method checks and balances to keep power even and to have control over each other.This guards from tyranny because by keeping all of them limited with what they can do and in control of each other keeps it from one branch getting more power than another. Checks and balances is one of the main things the framers used to protect against tyranny. Federalism, Separation of powers, and checks and balances were the three ways that the framers used the constitution to protects our government against a tyranny. split 1 came from document A stating how federalism played a part in protecting against tyranny by creating double security for the people.Paragraph 2 came from document B stating how the separation of powers played a part in protecting against tyranny by creating three branches of government with separate powers. Paragraph 3 came from document c stating how checks and balances played a part in protecting against tyranny by making sure each branch had authoritative powers and also controlled each other at the same time. The founding fathers took advantage of the holes in the Articles of Confederation and used their knowledge to create a stronger constitution that today stil l guards from tyranny affecting our government.

Marketing Interface with other Functional Areas

Marketings Relationship with other Functions Functions within an organizationThe market function within any organization does non exist in isolation. Therefore its important to see how selling connects with and permeates other functions within the organization. merchandising interacts with investigate and development, production/operations/logistics, human resources, IT and node service.Research and developmentResearch and development is the engine within an organization which generates modern ideas, innovations and creative youngfound products and services. For example mobile phone phone/mobile phone manufacturers atomic number 18 in an manufacturing that is ever changing and developing, and in lodge to survive manufacturers need to continu bothy research and develop new softw atomic number 18 and hardware to compete in a very busy marketplace. Think about cell phones that were around three or four years ago which are now completely obsolete. The research and development process delivers new products and is continually innovating.Innovative products and services usually result from a conscious and resolute search for innovation opportunities which are found only within a few situations.Peter Drucker (1999)Research and development should be driven by the marketing concept. The needfully of consumers or potential consumers should be central to any new research and development in order to deliver products that satisfy client needs (or service of course). The service sufficient research and development is undertaken in central research facilities belonging to companies, universities and approximatelytimes to countries.Marketers would liaise with researchers and engineers in order to make sure that customer needs are represented.Manufacturing processes themselves could excessively be researched and developed based upon some aspects of the marketing mix. For example logistics (place/distri exclusivelyion/channel) could be researched in order to deli ver products more efficiently and efficaciously to customers.Production/operations/logisticsAs with research and development, the operations, production and logistics functions within business need to work in cooperation with the marketing de weakenment.Operations accept many other activities such as warehousing, packaging and distribution. To an extent, operations also includes production and manufacturing, as closely as logistics. Production is where goods and services are generated and made. For example an aircraft is manufactured in a factory which is in effect how it is produced i.e. production. Logistics is concerned with getting the product from production or warehousing, to retail or the consumer in the near effective and efficient way. Today logistics would include warehousing, trains, planes and lorries as well as technology used for real time tracking.Obviously vendors need to sell products and services that are currently in stock or laughingstock be made within a r easonable time limit. An unworkable scenario for a business is where marketers are attempting to add-on sales of a product whereby the product cannot be supplied. Perhaps there is a warehouse climb of other products that our marketing campaign is ignoring.Human resourcesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within your organization which overlooks recruitment and selection, training, and the professional person development of employees. Other associate functional responsibilities include well-being, employee motivation, health and safety, performance management, and of course the function holds intimacy regarding the legal aspects of human resources.So when you become a marketing manager you would use the HR department to assistance you recruit a marketing assistant for example. They would help you with scoping out the logical argument, a person profile, a job description, and advertising the job. HR would help you to score and assess application forms, and leave org anise the interviews. They may head to assist at interview and will support you as you make your job offer. You may also use HR to organise an induction for your new employee. Of course there is the other side of the coin, where HR sometimes has to get tough with underperforming employees. These are the operational roles of HR.Your human resources Department also go for a strategic role., human resources sees people as a valuable asset to the organization. they assist with a spherical approach to managing people and help to develop a workplace culture and environment which focuses on charge and values.They also have an important communications role, and this is one aspect of their function which is most closely related to marketing. For example the HR department may run a staff development programme which needs a newsletter or a presence on your intranet. This is part of your internal marketing effort.IT (websites, intranets and extranets)As marketers we are concerned with how technology is used to treat information i.e. how we get information, how we process it, how we store the information, and then how we dispel it again by voice, image or graphics. Obviously this is a huge field but for our part we need to recognise the importance of websites, intranets and extranets to the marketer.A website is an electronic object which is placed onto the Internet. Often websites are used by businesses for a number of reasons such as to provide information to customers. So customers can interact with the product, customers can buy a product, more importantly customers begin to build along-term relationship with the marketing company. Information Technology underpins and supports the basis of Customer Relationship Management (CRM),An intranet is an internal website. An intranet is an IT supported process which supplies street smart information to employees of the business and other key stakeholders. For example European train operators use an intranet to give stre et smart information about trains to people on the ground supporting customers. An extranet is an internal website which is extended outside the organization, but it is not a public website. An extranet takes one stage further and provides information directly to customers/distributors/clients. Customers are able to check availability of stock and could check purchase prices for a particular product. For example a car supermarket could check availability of cars from a wholesaler.Customer service provisionCustomer service provision is very much integrated into marketing., customer service takes the needs of the customer as the central driver. customer service function revolves around a series of activities which are designed to facilitate the exchange process by making sure that customers are satisfied.Today customer service provision can be located in a central major power or actually in the field where the product is consumed. For example you may call a software manufacturer fo r some advice and assistance. You may have a billing enquiry. You might even wish to take off a contract or make changes to it. The customer service provision might be automated, it could be done solely online, or you might speak to a real person especially if you have a complex or technical need.Customer service is supported by IT to make the process of customer support more efficient and effective, and to capture and process data on particular activities. So the marketer needs to make sure that he or she is working with the customer service provision since it is a vital customer interface. The customer service provision may also provide speedy and by the way information about new or developing customer needs. For example if you have a advancement which has just been launched you can use thebcustomer service functions to help you check for early signs of success.Finance departmentThe marketing department will need to work closely with the finance department to ensure that There is an adequate budget to foregather the needs for research, promotion and distribution. The finance department has a whole organisation brief to ensure that all the business operates within its financial capabilities. They will want all departments to work within their allocated budgets.Like all departments, marketing may wish to overspend if profitable marketing opportunities emerge over the year. The marketing department is presumable to concentrate on sales volume and building market share, while the finance department may be more focused on cash flow, covering costs and paying back enthronement as quickly as possible. The Marketing-Finance approach has been helpful to understand better the impact of the crisis on riotouss and at the same time provide tools for firms to respond to the crisis so that firms can turn it (at macro level) into an opportunity for the firm to create value.

Full Day Kindergarten Programs Essay

The reason children cling kindergarten to twenty-four hours is so they can be taught a meaningful and equilibriumd course filled with skills and information. Teachers do this through hop on-appropriate activities that encourage the children to require more than than(prenominal) (Marzollo, 1987). In order for children to explain the requisite skills for success in life, they subscribe to attend kindergarten. In encompassing solar twenty-four hour period kindergarten programs more snip is availcap up to(p) to develop the necessity social and pedantic skills children take aim for success later on ( in effect(p) moon- solar twenty-four hour period and half- twenty-four hours kindergarten in the United States, 2004). amply solar twenty-four hour period programs mystify be jazz more and more popular in the past few decades. In the mid-seventies fewer than 15% of all five-year-olds in the US attend abounding mean solar mean solar twenty-four hour period mete r programs in the eighties it rose to 30% of kindergarten children attending these programs (Votruba-Drzal, Li-Grinning, & Maldonado-Carreno, 2008). In the 1990s it rose to nearly 50%, and by 1993, 54% of kindergarten teachers were teaching at least(prenominal) unmatched upright sidereal mean solar mean solar day class (Paciorek, 2002). In 2001, 57% of kindergarten age children were attending a all-encompassing day program (Full-day Kindergarten Pays Off, 2003). Review of the Literature Arguments for beat moon day Kindergarten programs.Full day kindergarten programs that argon taught in a good acquirement environment tend to passport a better breeding beation for children, and legion(predicate) important characteristics only found in teeming day programs atomic number 18 not able to fit into a half day program. The extended while plentiful day kindergarten often boosts the opportunities for implementing these unique characteristics of kindergarten in a way not poss ible in the half day programs (National Education Association, 2006). There is an extreme need for full day programs in just closely pliberal arts of the country. Today in the US, at that place argon an increased number of single-pargonnt homes or homes where some(prenominal) pargonnts work.This makes it necessary for children to be in school all day, instead of just half the day (Full half(a), 2004). The advantages that children receive from full day kindergarten extend into the first cross out and sometimes beyond. These gains help children academically enable them to learn better, which makes them more well-rounded human beings (Readings, 2007). In full day programs, there ar more opportunities for children to do in-depth studies and more time for hands-on learnedness. There is overly more stability in full day kindergarten because teachers ar given the time to remainder large group, small group, or individual instruction.Having this balance has fostered higher learnin g abilities in children (NEA, 2006). Children in half day programs do not incur the very(prenominal) opportunities as children in full day programs because of the time limitations. In half day programs, learning must(prenominal) be done in large groups because there is not enough time to chip in child-initiated learning. Children need to be given the opportunity to buzz off how all the different areas of learning are connected and how learning basic skills will help them to understand more complex skills later on in their culture (NEA, 2006).Children change in many ways magical spell in kindergarten. They learn to think about the creative drill they are living in, and they also learn to think about themselves (West, Denton, & Reaney, 2000). In full day kindergarten programs children are taught processes of learning that will help them learn throughout life (DeCicca, 2007). Full day programs are more likely than half day programs to spend to spend more time every day on lett er recognition, letter-sound match, rhyming words, practice session aloud, and alphabetizing (Full-day Kindergarten Pays Off, 2003).President of the National Association of Elementary train Principals, capital of Minnesota Young, says, If you dont master certain skills at the kindergarten level, then you cant be prospering in first soma (Thomas, 2002). In their first year of school children will gain the skills and the friendship necessary for their success in the future (West, Denton, & Reaney, 2000). The number of children that attend full day kindergarten programs varies depending on the causa of school they attend and where the school is located.Overall, 56% of kindergarten-age children in the US attend a full day kindergarten program. About 54% of children who attend public schools are in a full day program, composition 67% of children who attend private schools are enrolled in a full day program (FullHalf, 2004). In the US 67% of private schools offer a full day program , while only 57% of public schools do. Catholic schools are more likely to offer full day programs than new-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal) private schools, with 78% of Catholic schools offering full day programs and only 63% of other private schools.Fifty-two percent of public schools offer half day programs which is more compared to only 29% of Catholic schools and 40% of other private schools (FullHalf, 2004). both(prenominal) schools offer only full day programs (53%) but fewer offer only half day programs (39%) and 7% of schools offer both full and half day programs. In the US 61% of schools with a kindergarten program offer at least one full day program and 47% offer at least one half day program (FullHalf, 2004). The enrollment of children in full day programs varies in different parts of the country.It also varies with the race and economic status of the childs family. In the US, 60% of kindergarten children are enrolled in full day public or private kindergarten programs. Nine states mandate that a full day program be offered in every school (Full Day Kindergarten maturation, 2008). The majority of the children enrolled in full day kindergarten are children of single parents, children whose parents both work outside the home, and children of low-income families (Paciorek, 2002). The land of the country plays a role in the enrollment of children in full day programs.In the South, 84% of public schools offer full day programs, compared to only 57% in the Midwest, 38% in the West, and 37% in the Northeast (FullHalf, 2004). A larger majority of children in the Southern component of the country attend full day kindergarten program (82%) compared to other regions 47% in the Midwest, 48% in the Northeast, and 31% in the West. Public schools located in the suburban and large town areas are less(prenominal) likely to confine children attending a full day program (only 45%) compared to schools located in large and mid-sized cities (59%) or small towns/ru ral areas (65%) (FullHalf, 2004).Parents of kindergarten children put them in these full day programs for many different reasons. One reason is so minority children, or children who are considered at take a chance for failing academically, are given the chance to stay on the same level as their peers. Full day kindergarten has been shown to considerably close the achievement gaps for minority or low-income children (NEA, 2006). This is especially relevant to gaining the basic skills of learning (West, Denton, & Reaney, 2000).Full day programs also have been shown to significantly improve the mathematics and transforming skills of all races (DeCicca, 2007). Children from low-income families have many risk factors they must face that could potentially threaten their health and their development. About one- twenty percent of US children live in poverty, which has been shown to be a major risk factor for childrens cognitive and academic achievement. Full day kindergarten can put thes e children on the same level as children who do not live in poverty.(Votruba-Drzal, Li-Grinning, & Maldonado-Carreno, 2008). Public schools with at least 75% minority enrollment offer full day kindergarten (76%), compared to public schools with less than 25% minority enrollment (44-48%). In private schools with at least 75% minority enrollment the children are more likely to participate in full day programs (93%) compared to private schools with less than 10% minority enrollment (54%) (FullHalf, 2004). Racial characteristics play a role in enrollment in full day programs also.It has been shown that African American and Hispanic children enrolled in full day programs closed the achievement gap with white and Asian children in the basic math and reading skills, but African American and Hispanic children are not acquiring the more progress skills at the same rate that white and Asian children acquire in their first year of information (West, Denton, & Reaney, 2000). Full day programs have also been shown to create a larger achievement in math and reading for low-income children than children in half day programs (Readings, 2007).Also, public schools with at least 50% of their enrollment consisting of low-income children are more likely to offer these full day programs (FullHalf, 2004). Children that have completed full day kindergarten programs have been shown to be more nimble for first grade than their peers that attended half day programs. In a study of 22,000 kindergarteners nationwide, students who attended full day programs made larger reading gains than children who attended half day programs (Full-day Kindergarten Pays Off, 2003).Children will be better prepared to meet the strict broadcast of first grade if they have attended a full day kindergarten program, because they are used to the full day schedule and they discern how their day will go (Leading, 2008). Full day kindergarten programs need to have a content-centered curriculum for this age group in order for the program to be self-made academically (FullHalf, 2004). Many benefits are available to children in full day kindergarten. Studies have shown improvement in full day kindergarten childrens academic skills (Votruba-Drzal, Li-Grinning, & Maldonado-Carreno, 2008).There are many authoritative academic and social benefits for children of low economic status or disadvantaged backgrounds from attending full day kindergarten. Research that has been done in the past 10 years has shown steady positive academic gains for children enrolled in full day programs. Full day programs offer children a curriculum that is age-appropriate while still providing major academic benefits (Paciorek, 2002). In full day kindergarten there is greater socialization, generalization of knowledge, transfer of learning, and a deeper savvy of concepts. This extra time is not only good for the child, but it improves the teachers and familys experience as well (NEA, 2006). In full day kindergarten ot her gains are made, such as greater growth of reading and math skills over the course of the kindergarten year. Children who attend full day programs out-perform children who attend half day programs on reading, science, and math achievement tests. Children who attend full day kindergarten also tend to have lower levels of special education and grade repetition (Votruba-Drzal, Li-Grinning, & Maldonado-Carreno, 2008).Children who leave full day kindergarten with better reading skills are more likely to have more success in the first grade and beyond because the material that is taught in early elementary school is usually sequential (DeCicca, 2007). Children enrolled in full day kindergarten programs tend to make greater gains in reading/language arts than children in half day programs over the course of the year (FullHalf, 2004). Since the school day is longer for full day kindergarten students, they tend to participate in learning experiences unavailable to half day students.These experiences will help to develop their early literacy skills so that they are more prepared for the first grade. Reading is the close important activity for kindergarten children. It is required for future success in not only school but in life in general (NEA, 2006). Children enrolled in full day kindergarten have more time to experience literacy. Having this time helps children get a head start on becoming readers and writers (NEA, 2006). Math skills are also meliorate in full day kindergarten.Mathematical learning tends to be quite sequential in nature, so if one masters the basic concepts early it is likely that the burden of future learning will be lowered (DeCicca, 2007). Sometimes the math taught in full day kindergarten is actually that of a first grade curriculum. This helps children get further ahead in their studies and can make them quite successful later on (FullHalf, 2004). Science skills are also improved in full day programs. Children have time to take part in scie nce experiments fostering the fact that in order to learn science, one must do science. Because of the extended class time, children are able to take part in more difficult math and science thinking. They are able to move beyond the basic computation and identifying numbers that are normally part of a half day kindergarten program (NEA, 2006). In full day programs, children also have greater opportunity to improve their behavior. Children in full day programs are able to have more child-to-child interactions, and this improves their social skills. In one study of full day kindergarten, there were 14 different dimensions tested.Nine of these dimensions were positive originality, independent learning, involvement in classroom activities, productivity with peers, dexterous dependency, failure/anxiety, un-reflectiveness, holding back or withdrawal, and approach to teacher (Paciorek, 2002). In full day programs teachers are able to take advantage of the extra time. Teachers of full day kindergarten should provide child-centered, developmentally appropriate activities and balance small group and large group activities (FullHalf, 2004). Teachers are able to allow more time for children to have free play, rather than large group activities.There is more time for indoor(prenominal) and outdoor play children can use learning centers, and children learn how to cooperate with each other (Paciorek, 2002). In order for children to have a balanced development, play needs to be included in the school day. Children develop many different skills while playing which are necessary for success such as inductive experience, cognitive dissonance, social interaction, physical experiences, revisiting, and competence. Play-time has an influence on the intellectual development of children, and it improves learning abilities (NEA, 2006).In full day programs, children scored much higher on achievement tests than children in half day programs on all of the areas that were tested (Pacior ek, 2002). There are many advantages to informal testing in kindergarten. folksy assessments focus on the developmental and achievement changes in children over time it highlights the individual child, rather than the wide group of children. It also offers many opportunities to demonstrate a childs competence, making the introduction of a tougher curriculum easier.Finally, it helps children understand their learning better, and it provides solid information to share with childrens families (NEA, 2006). Full day programs also create more freedom for teachers. Full day programs are pretty new, so teachers, administrators, and parents are able to create the curriculum themselves. This can be frustrating, but it has many benefits for the children and the teachers (Marzollo, 1987). Many teachers prefer full day programs to half day programs because they are able to instruct children individually.Teachers are also able to get to know their students better. This helps the teachers unders tand the childs specific needs to better educate the child. Teachers say there are many advantages to having full day programs. The atmosphere of full day kindergarten is much more relaxed than half day kindergarten, the opportunities for children to develop their own interests are greatly increased, and there is also more time for creative activities (Paciorek, 2002). Teachers of full day programs are not as rushed to fit the whole curriculum in as half day teachers are.The full day teachers are better able to teach different concepts in many ways to ensure that children fully understand the material (NEA, 2006). Teachers of full day kindergarten are able to get to know the families of their students better than teachers of half day kindergarten. Because of this, they can meet the needs of the students more effectively. The relationships betwixt the teachers and families are also improved with full day kindergarten. The parents are more comfortable communicating with the teachers, because they are able to get to know the teachers better.This also helps the teachers teach better (NEA, 2006). Most parents tonus that full day kindergarten has done nothing but good for their children. Robyn Ann Kreusel says, I never expected my child to be paternity three-sentence paragraphs by the end of kindergarten. (Full-day Kindergarten Growing, 2008). Parents are very satisfied with full day programs, and they believed that their children were better prepared for first grade because of the material they were taught in full day kindergarten. Parents also say their children greatly benefited socially in full day kindergarten (Paciorek, 2002).Today, parents are very interested in their children being able to read at an early age, and a full day kindergarten program is a great way to make this possible (Thomas, 2002). Arguments against full day Kindergarten In the past few years, many questions have been raised about the necessity of full day kindergarten programs. People desire to know how all the extra time is exit to be used. Some educators rule that this time will be used for playtime or daycare. Others feel that first grade material is going to be pushed overpower into the kindergarten classroom, making kindergarten too academic.People also want to take into consideration how children learn at this age and the purpose of kindergarten in the first place. Some experts say that academics should be increased, and others say the extra time should be spent on activities the students should do on their own (NEA, 2006). Some parents are worried about full day kindergarten programs. They feel that their children will come home later on a full day and be tired and cranky. The full day kindergarten curriculum is tough. In this curriculum there are seven different subject areas.These areas are language arts (which consist of oral language, listening, reading and writing), social studies, science, math, art, music, and physical education (Marzollo, 1987 ). In a full day program, children have more time to master a curriculum which would normally be more of a first-grade curriculum (Full-day Kindergarten Growing, 2008). Children in full-day programs are also on the same schedule as a first-grade class, so teachers are able to work together on subject substance, which makes it easier for the children to transition into first grade the following year (NEA, 2006).People feel this is a problem in some cases. Experts say the vanquish way a school board could plan a kindergarten curriculum is to move first-grade material down to kindergarten. Some say that children are pressured to teach subjects that are too hard for them to understand. People also feel children are denied the large assortment of activities that normally take place in a kindergarten classroom (Marzollo, 1987). In some school districts 60% of children are not ready to enter the first grade after their first year of kindergarten because they are pressured to learn materia l too quickly.Each year, the kindergarten curriculum becomes tougher. Schools now want children to be reading full books on their own by the third grade (Thomas, 2002). Some schools do not provide full day kindergarten programs, but full day programs tend to be found in many Catholic schools. Also, full day programs are very popular in the South, with 84% of public schools offering them It is especially popular in cities rather than small towns, rural areas, and large towns, or suburban areas (FullHalf, 2004). Many states whose school districts offer full day kindergarten fund these programs. 25 states and Washington DC provide money to the school districts that offer full-day kindergarten (FullHalf, 2004), but many schools in the US do not have the money or the space to offer full day programs to families of kindergarten children (Full-day Kindergarten Growing, 2008). Conclusion Full day kindergarten has many benefits for everyone involved in the programs. It provides many experien ces for children that they would not be given if they were enrolled in a half day kindergarten program.Kindergarten is a time of change for children and their parents. Children are able to learn different things in full day programs that they would not have enough time to learn in half day programs. Parents and teachers prefer to have children in full day programs because lastly it puts the children further ahead and it provides a better opportunity for academic success than the half day programs. 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