Essay on Chestnut Blight and American Chestnut Trees

Chestnut Blight and American Chestnut Trees Since the early 1900s a disease known as Chestnut Blight has infected many American Chestnut trees and causing their removal from forests. A greater look at the history of this fungus as well as the mechanisms of action will allow us to learn on how to preserve the American chestnut. At one point, the American chestnut was virtually eliminated. With the help of government acts and conservation agencies, the American chestnut is slowly growing back in population. Two methods of restoration of the chestnut include a hybridization and the use of hypovirulant strains. This issue shows a variety of interest from ecologists to those in the timber industry who cannot lumber Asian species of chestnut†¦show more content†¦Chestnut wood is highly resistant to rot and used extensively for poles, fencing and building materials. Formerly known as Endothia parasitica, Cryphonectria parasitica enters the wound, grows in and under the bark and eventually kills the cambium all the way around the twig or bush. Blight does not affect the root system, so the ones that do survive, survive as shrubs. There is, however, no significant wild production from these shrubs. Breeding projects are underway to combine the nut quality and timber. (Anagnostakis WWW). Although currently imported Chinese chestnuts are healthy producers of good nuts, they cannot replace our native chestnut because the Chinese tree is an orchard tree, while the American chestnut creates huge tracts of big timber (ACF WWW). Overall, it is important to understand how blight works to further help protect the trees against it. Blight is a Castanea Disease which has eliminated American Chestnut Trees from landscape. This disease causes cankers on the branches then moves into the trunk and thus kills the tree. Currently, there is no chemical control for this disease. Resistance to Endothia parasitica has come from a fungus which makes Asiatic chestnut trees resistant to blight (Castanea Disease WWW). Pycnidia are tiny, orange spore-cases that characterize spreading chestnut blight. This disease has killed 4 billion chestnuts. * The fungus that causes chestnut blight invadesShow MoreRelatedThe Spread Of The Blight995 Words   |  4 Pages4 billion trees had died as a result of the pathogen. The spread of the blight continued with approximately over a million trees dying each year. Going forward to the mid-20th century, Castanea dentata is almost extinct in American forests. The blight infection has prevented the American chestnut ability to grow to its full height, and only exist as shrubs that sprout from trees that were infected with the blight. Despite being from the same species, different species of the chestnut responded differentlyRead MoreInfections of the American Chestnut Tree Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesCryphonectria parasitica, a filamentous, ascomycete fungus, is the causal agent of the chestnut blight5,14 which was introduced to North America from Japan circa 190412,14.The chestnut blight infects all members of the Castanea family14, and some members of the genus Quercus though C. parasitica infections are superficial14. A C. parasitica infection typically begins at a branch node or wound in the tree’s bark 14. Once a spore has entered the tree, hyphal growth begins14. When the fungi’s hyphaeRead MoreChestnut Bark Disease1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chestnut blight is a fungus which is also called the chestnut bark disease. The scientific name for this is Cryphonectria Parasitica (Murril) Barr. 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Banyan Tree Holdings Ltd. Analysis - 2556 Words

1. Background The result of quality effort and focused aim of the founder Mr. Ho Kwon Ping along with time and risk invested in huge amount, Banyan Tree (as of today) is a group of luxury resorts and spas spread in allover Asia and few other famous cities of the world. Based in Singapore, Banyan Tree started its journey with the focus on converting the name into a luxury brand in the mind of its target customers in the year 1994 and till today more than 900 awards and accolades (BanyanTree.com, 2014) speaks about its success story in colorful lines. As of today, Banyan Tree Holdings Ltd.; under its supervision, management and ownership have a total of 25 hotels and resorts, a total of 68 spas, 2 golf courses and more than 66 retail outlets selling its products in 23countries worldwide. The focus is customer preferring luxury-at-any-cost and accordingly the structure and pricing policy is formulated since its entry into the market. Banyan Tree Holdings Ltd.; also have corporate-owned training and development purposed academies for the employees to ensure the desired qualitative training is being provided to the employees. Less advertisement-focused, Banyan Tree does its marketing through agents to ensure the name of the brand is well introduced to its customers. 1.1 Current Situation Growth and Sustainability simultaneously without having an impact of them on the brand was the focus of Mr. K.W. Ho (Enz Farhoomand, 2008). With the aim kept in focus banyan tree grew toShow MoreRelatedElectronic Commerce And Its Impact On Individuals And Entities2542 Words   |  11 Pagesform or means was used for that purpose.† Accordingly, both Indian Contract Act, 1872 and Information Technology Act, 2000 needs to be read together to understand and provide legal validity to e-contracts. In Trimex International FZE Ltd. Dubai v. Vedanta Aluminum Ltd. recognizing the validity of electronic transaction has held that e-mails exchanges between parties regarding mutual obligations constitute a contract. b. Formation of E- Contract For ascertaining the formation of electronic contractRead MoreRisk and Return Analysis26155 Words   |  105 Pagesmarket is fit enough to compete with the global standards. Indeed, on a few paradigms, it is ahead of the global benchmarks. The origin of the Indian securities market may be traced back to 1875, when 22 enterprising brokers under a Banyan tree established the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Over the last 125 years, the Indian securities market has evolved continuously to become one of the most dynamic, modern and efficient securities markets in Asia. Today, Indian markets conform to internationalRead MoreMoney Has Time Value On The Financial Investment Market Essay10566 Words   |  43 Pagesfund, debentures, bonds, preference share, Govt. Securities, treasury bills etc. Where the individual get a fixed amount and who do not take risk are called as a risk averse. Thus this study is mainly concentrated to find out the risk and return analysis that has been associated with the banking sector of the BSE Bankex and also to know the relationship between banks return and market returns. The chosen topic is the banking sector from the emerging sector now. The training has expose me to manyRead MoreMark eting Strategy of Dabur Vatika Hair Oil and Dabur Chyawanprash15871 Words   |  64 PagesLimited is a leading Indian consumer goods company with interests in Hair Care, Oral Care, Health Care, Skin Care, Home Care and Foods. From its humble beginnings in the bylanes of Calcutta way back in 1884 as an Ayurvedic medicines company, Dabur India Ltd has come a long way today to become a leading consumer products manufacturer in India. For the past 125 years, we have been dedicated to providing nature-based solutions for a healthy and holistic lifestyle. Through our comprehensive range of products

Doctrine of Trinity

Questions: Compare and contrast a non-Christian Worldview of your choice with a Christian Worldview. What is the Kingdom of God and how does it relate to the Church? Critically discuss alternative perspectives. Answers: Introduction The convention of a Holy Trinity is not just an "article of confidence" in which all the men are asked to "trust." It is not just a creed which a Church wants it is a great individuals to "acknowledge on confidence." Neither is a teaching of a Holy or pure Trinity the innovation of researchers and academicians, the consequence of scholarly theory and philosophical thinking.The regulation of a Holy Trinity emerges from man's most profound encounters with the God. It originates from a real life learning of the individuals who ,most of the time come to understand and know God in the faith. Doctrine of the Trinity In the connection of three beings father, son and God, the "nature" is the thing that one is, while a "man or lady" is who the one is. In venture with this basic puzzle of a couple of Christian religions, there's least complex one God in the three individuals: while amazing from each other within their relations of establishment, as well as, of their relationships with each other, they are expressed to be one among else, co-indistinguishable, co-unceasing and con-tremendous, as well as, "everyone is God, entire, as well as whole".[1] There are such a variety of depiction of what the God resemble which I acknowledge as valid with is a result of one's non-open perception of who God is, however because of the certainty our human brains are constrained, it is an unpredictable trouble to totally comprehend the entire part there's to know roughly a God who's the author of all appearance; bigger than the broadly boundless of which man is a small range of creation.[2] There had been times wh ile I have perplexed to myself, by what means would I be able to think something that I am not in any case positive I catch? In what capacity can God be one and God be 3 on the equivalent time? furthermore, regardless of the possibility that I did secure it, how inside the global do I give a clarification for it without making everyone accessible pushed? Notwithstanding, as everyone undoubtedly have for the most part did, acknowledge as valid with that there might be one just God, however beneath the ensuing administration, or isonomia, as it is known as, that this one handiest God has also a Son, His expression, who continued from Himself, by method for whom all matters were made, and without whom, not anything changed into made.[3] Him we trust to have been despatched by method for the father into the Virgin, and to had been conceived of her being both person and God, the Son of man and the Son of God, and to were known as by method for the call of Jesus Christ; we acknowledge as valid with Him to have endured, kicked the bucket, and been covered, reliable with the Scriptures, and, after he were raised yet again by method for the father and took lower back to paradise, to sit at the right hand of the daddy, and that he's going to come to choose the short and the dead; who dispatched likewise from paradise from the father, predictable with His own one of a kind guarantee, the Holy Ghost, the Paraclete, the sanctifies of the confidence of people who consider inside the Father, and in the Son, and inside the Holy Ghost. Christians don't concur with in several divine beings. "That there are, in any case, two Gods or two Lords, is an affirmation which at no time continues out of our mouth.[4] For there was announced to be none beside One God and One Lord. He says that the monotheism of Christianity is a hindrance for agnostics: "The Gentiles would need to sidestep from a large number of their objects of worship to the main handiest God, essentially so a distincti on is presumably phenomenally settled between the admirers of. The one God and the votaries of polytheism." With the exception of, in the event that we had been to conjure a majority of divine beings and rulers, there is a need to extinguish our lights, and there is a need to wind up less gutsy to hold up under the saint's sufferings, from which a smooth escape may all over the place lie open to us, when everyone swore by means of a majority of divine beings and rulers, as sundry apostates do, who keep up a larger number of divine beings than One. Tertullian's skill of the Trinity does now not change at all from our advanced thought, almost 2,000 years later. However the time frame "Trinity" transformed into the utilized by Christians before Tertullian's careful clarification.[5] In advert Theophilus of Antioch wrote in his second digital book to Autolycus, "In like way furthermore, three days which have been before the lights are sorts of the Trinity, of God, and His oath, and His mindfulness." The precept of the Trinity route that there's one God who without end exists as three unmistakable individuals the daddy, Son, and Holy Spirit. said in an unexpected way, God is one basically and three in man or lady. these definitions unequivocal three fundamental truths: (1) the daddy, Son, and Holy Spirit are particular men and ladies, (2) one and all is completely God, there might be best one God. the daddy, Son, and Holy Spirit are unmistakable persons. The Bible talks about the father of God, Jesus as God,as well as, the Holy or pure Spirit as God.[6] Are these only 3 novel methods for looking at God, or earnestly techniques for alluding to three interesting parts that God plays? The arrangement should be no, on the grounds that the Bible furthermore demonstrates that the father, Son, and Holy Spirit are unmistakable humans.in the sanctification of Jesus, we see the father speak-me from paradise and the Spirit plummeting from paradise as a bird as Jesus leaves th e water. The reality that the daddy, Son, and Holy Spirit are great individuals implies, in various words, that the father isn't the Son, the Son isn't the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Spirit isn't generally the daddy. Jesus is God, yet He isn't generally the father or the Holy Spirit.[7] The Holy Spirit is God, however, He isn't generally the Son or the daddy. they're particular people, no more 3 select methods for seeking God.[8]The person-hood of each individual from the Trinity implies that totally everybody has an amazing center of consideration. as needs are, they identify with each other actually the daddy sees Himself as "I" whilst He respects the Son and Holy Spirit as "You." Likewise, the Son views Himself as "I," however the Father and the Holy Spirit as "You."some different genuine mistake people have made is to imagine that the daddy has turned into the Son, who then turned into the Holy Spirit. inverse to this, the entries we have noticeable imply that God constantly tran sformed into and dependably could be 3 individuals. there was in no way, shape or form a period when one of the men and ladies of the Godhead did now not exist.while the three people of the Trinity are great, this doesn't imply that any is mediocre compared to the inverse. on the other hand, they might be all same in traits. Application The Trinity is to begin with vital because of the truth God is essential. To secure additional completely what God resemble is a way of regarding God. further, we ought to allow the way that God is triune to develop our love. We exist to love God. Furthermore, God looks for individuals to love Him "with soul and truth". [9]Therefore, we need to more often than not undertaking to develop our love of God indeed notwithstanding in our hearts. The Trinity has a decent measured utility to supplication. [10]The general example of supplication inside the Bible is to wish to the father through the Son and in the Holy Spirit. Our partnership with God ought to be more reasonable with the guide of deliberately understanding that we are in regards to a tri-private God!awareness of the brilliant position that everybody of the Trinity has in our salvation can especially serve to present us additional solace and gratefulness for God in our supplications, and also supporting us to be particular in c oordinating our petitions. Despite the fact that, while recognizing the marvelous parts that everyone has, we have to in no way, shape or form consider their parts as so separate that alternate people aren't included. as a substitute, everything that one individual is worried in, the inverse two likewise are included in, one way or whatever other. there are various delineations which have been given to help us perceive the Trinity. [11]In the meantime, as there are a few delineations that are useful, we need to comprehend that no occurrence is great. Deplorably, there are numerous delineations which aren't completely flawed, however, in errors. One case to be careful with is the one which says, "I am one individual, notwithstanding I am an understudy, child, and sibling. This clarifies how God might be both one and 3.[12] The bother with this is it mirrors a blasphemy alluded to as modalism. God isn't generally one man or lady who performs 3 phenomenal parts, as this outline appears . He's one Being in three people, now not just 3 parts. This similarity overlooks the non-open contrasts inside God and mitigates them to insignificant parts.[13] Conclusion The Trinity isn't generally thought in three divine beings. there might be the easiest one God, and we have to in no way, shape or form stray from this.This one God exists as three persons. The 3 individuals aren't every piece of God, yet are each totally God and correspondingly God. inside God's one unified being there's an unfurling into three interpersonal connections such that there are 3 people. The distinctions inside the Godhead are not contrasts of His quintessence nor are they something included onto His embodiment, in any case, they're the unfurling of God's one, unified being into three interpersonal connections such that there are three real folks.God is not one person who took 3 successive parts. that is the sin of modalism. the daddy did now not develop as the Son after which the Holy Spirit. Or maybe, there have continually been and constantly can be three unmistakable persons in the Godhead.The Trinity isn't generally an inconsistency because of the actuality God isn' t generally three inside the equivalent way that he is one. God is one basically, three in the man or a lady. Bibliography Ables, Travis E. "The Decline And Fall Of The West? Debates About The Trinity In Contemporary Christian Theology". Religion Compass 6, no. 3 (2012): 163-173. Bergin, Helen Frances. "Trinity And Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine Of The Trinity In Christian Theology Of Religions". Mission Studies 24, no. 2 (2007): 361-362. BruÃÅ'ˆmmer, Vincent. Atonement, Christology And The Trinity. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Chow, A. "Book Review: Trinity And Revelation For The Pluralistic World: Veli-Matti Karkkainen, Trinity And Revelation: A Constructive Christian Theology For The Pluralistic World". The Expository Times 126, no. 10 (2015): 510-510. Croxall, T.H. "The Christian Doctrine Of Hope, And The Rierkegaardian Doctrine Of 'The Moment'". The Expository Times 56, no. 11 (1945): 292-295. Gorringe, T. "Book Reviews : Trinity And Non-Christian Religions". The Expository Times 112, no. 10 (2001): 353-355. Heim, S. Mark. "Trinity And Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine Of The Trinity In Christian Theology Of Religions - By Veli-Matti Krkkinen". Religious Studies Review 33, no. 1 (2007): 46-46. Higton, Mike. "Scriptural Reasoning And The Discipline Of Christian Doctrine". Modern Theology 29, no. 4 (2013): 120-137. Jung, Ken Alan. "Trinity And Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine Of The Trinity In Christian Theology Of Religions. By Veli-Matti Krkkinen". The Heythrop Journal 52, no. 5 (2011): 838-839. Miller, Daniel. "The Doctrine Of The Trinity And Christian Environmental Action". New Blackfriars 94, no. 1049 (2012): 20-31. Mintoff, Joe. "On The Quantitative Doctrine Of The Mean". The Southern Journal of Philosophy 51, no. 4 (2013): 445-464. Rahner, Karl and J. F Donceel. The Trinity. London: Burns Oates, 2001. Schumacher, Lydia. "The Trinity And Christian Life: A Broadly Thomistic Account Of Participation". New Blackfriars 96, no. 1066 (2015): 645-657. "Trinity And Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine Of The Trinity In Christian Theology Of Religions". Int J Systematic Theology 8, no. 1 (2006): 112-115.

Play in as much detail as possible Essay Example

Play in as much detail as possible Essay People experience a huge range of emotions in their lifetime, in Romeo and Juliet; Shakespeare shows his audience a wide range of emotions through his characters, the following events and the action of the play.The audience sees characters playing several emotions and can understand how and why the characters are feeling these emotions.Indeed, by the end of Romeo and Juliet the audience would feel quite emotionally drained by what they had just seen on stage.Anger is portrayed as a very powerful emotion in this play; it is one of the reasons that the two families Montagues and the Capulets cant make the peace. I think that the two young groups are angrier than there parents in the first part of the play e.g. what! Dawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee this is said by Tybalt in act I scene1, a Capulet to one of the Montagues at the gas station where the Montagues plead peace. Tybalt is angry because he thinks that because his uncle is in a feu d with his rival he has to start a fight with the enemy to impress his uncle. This is a god example because it starts the story in anger, which makes Romeo and Juliets love in the middle of all the negative emotions seem lost and hopeless.You dont see much anger in the parents until the end of the play e.g. out you green sickness carrion! Out you baggage! You tallow face. This is said by lord Capulet in act 3 scenes 5 when he is in a rage with Juliet because she wont marry Paris because she is still in love with Romeo even though he killed her cousin and has been exiled. I think that her father may be angry with her because she still loves him and not only is he the enemy he killed his nephew. Her father actually hits her and starts shaking her quite roughly, he also strikes her mother when she tries to pull him off Juliet. Juliet is left to the comfort of the nurse who looks after her.Grief is not shown until Tybalt is killed e.g. my wife is dead tonight! Grief of my sons exile ha th stoppd her breath. What further woe conspires against my age? this is said to the prince in act 5 scene 3. I think that this could be that he is trying to appeal to the princes nature to let Romeo back into the city because it is causing others grief. This shows that he does care about his son because through out the play Romeo and his parent dont appear have much of a relationship.Also lady Capulet appeal to the prince for justice against Romeo, I beg for justice, which thou, prince must give. Romeo slew Tybalt: Romeo must not live. She doesnt seem to care that Tybalt killed Mercutio when Romeo was trying to convince Tybalt that he meant peace. She seems to have a more serious relationship with Tybalt than everyone thinks so maybe she grieved more than most because he meant more to her.Hatred is the strongest emotion in this play; it is clearly seen that the feud between the Capulet and the Montagues is truly hatred and that their children grew up with that so they know no diffe rent. Tybalt see Romeo at his party and sees everybody laughing at him because he would let it pass, instead he speaks to his uncle uncle, this is a Montague, our foe, a villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night I think that Tybalt enraged that they come to spite his family and the name he honours. Indeed his uncle does not want a scene at his party he has prepared, he tells Tybalt to leave it; he hits Tybalt to get though to him that he doesnt want a scene at his party. It could be that he has grown tired of this violent feud and has matured although he does seem a violent man though out the whole play.Mercutio hates the Capulets although he has no family ties with the Capulets or the Montagues. Something in the way he acts around Romeo makes me think the he values the friendship more than Romeo does. O calm dishonourable, vile submission Tybalt you rat catcher, will you walk? This is said it Tybalt from Mercutio in act1 scene2.This is when Tybalt f irst approaches Romeo at the beach with the intent of killing him of at least do him harm, instead he finds that Romeo is not there so he starts on Mercutio. Mercutio taunts him making him angrier and angrier. When Romeo turns up he pleads peace with Tybalt but he is all in a rage and you can clearly see that he truly hates Romeo and as he tries to harm him, Mercutio steps in the way therefore harming him. It is after this that Romeo hates Tybalt for what he has done and acts rashly and retaliates with dire consequences.Love is the main theme of this play for it is what the story is based on, the love that is forbidden. I think that it is cruel to deny their childrens love for the sake of a feud and the love seems lost in the middle of all the ill feelings of the rivals.It is not only the love between Romeo and Juliet but of friends and family.If thou bent on love honourable, they purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow where and what time thou wilt perform the rite. Juliet to Romeo says this in act 1 scene 2.I think that when she and Romeo have declared their love for each other, all thats left for them to do is marry, because they know that if anyone found out before they were wed they would never see each other again.Juliets mother, Lady Capulet says to Juliet about the marriage proposal from Paris the valiant Paris seeks you for his love. It seems that her parents cant see how wrongly suited for her Paris is, and how in love with Romeo she is later in the play.Her father tries to force her into marrying Paris, because he wants her to have a good life and he thinks that his choice of husbands is the right choice and nobody should question that.Juliet shows how true her love for Romeo is when she fakes her death in order to get out of her marriage to Paris.Although fear is present in this story it seems that both sides of this feud are fearless to some point. When the fight is in action it seems that both sides show no fear. I think that the only fear shown is when the friar fears that Romeo does not know the plan and thinks that his love is really dead. Also when Juliet fears that her family will deny her love e.g. bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud with repetition of my Romeos name this is said when Juliet fears that her family will harm Romeo for loving Juliet in act 2 scene 2.Indeed she is scared of what her father might do but at the same deeply in love with Romeo to worry too much about what she is doing.As I said the friar that gave Juliet the poison is fearful because he knows that Romeo does not know that it is poison and not death. He rushes to sends word in another letter but alas he is too late.Despair means complete lack of hope and I think that quite often Juliet feels that there is no hope for her and Romeo e.g.My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown and known too late! Prodigious birth of love to me, that I must love a loathed enemy. Juliet says this in act 1 scene 5. In some ways she is q uite right in this because his father is her fathers rival so in turn she must hate him to. But she loves him and this is why she despairs.O Romeo, Romeo where fore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; or, if thou wilt not, be sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Capulet. This is said Romeo by Juliet act 2 scene 2. This is sort of love and despair in the case that she is despairing because she loves Romeo but he is forbidden, and love because she loves him so much that she would refuse her name and take his which would mean abandon her own family.I think that passion differs very much from love in a way that it is almost lust e.g. o trespass sweetly urgd! Give me my sin again This is said by Romeo to Juliet in act 1 scene 5. This is when she kisses him and he is asking for more, but it is a sin because she is not wed to him and she is supposed to be pure for her husband.I think that it is not only love that tells the story but passion too.This was thought of Romeos first love, for he thinks that he is in love with rosaline who should be married to him, organised by her father, even though he has never met or seen her. Show me a mistress that is passing fair: what doth beauty serve but as a note thou canst not teach me to forgetThis is said to Benvolio, Romeos cousin by Romeo about rosaline in act 1 scene 1.Romeo is in love with the idea of love and is so rapped up in the spirit of his love that until he meets Juliet he mistakes excitement for love.Violence seems to me of more of an action rather than an emotion but it is a grate feeling in this play e.g. now by stock and honour of my kin, to strike him dead I hold it not a sinTybalt says this to all montages in act 1 scene5. I said that I thought violence more of an action than an emotion, but you can clearly see here that Tybalt is feeling violence and although he doesnt kill Mercutio until later in the play I think that he really does want to kill all montages for the sake of honour in this family feud. Also I think that Tybalt doesnt consider it a sin to kill all Montagues for he is in the right and they do not deserve the right to live in his eyes.In conclusion I feel that all the emotions contribute to this masterpiece although critics have said the story is a love and hate storyline all the other emotions bring it together.William Shakespeare has included the most intense and intimate emotions and used them to there full extent. Play in as much detail as possible Essay Example Play in as much detail as possible Essay People experience a huge range of emotions in their lifetime, in Romeo and Juliet; Shakespeare shows his audience a wide range of emotions through his characters, the following events and the action of the play.The audience sees characters playing several emotions and can understand how and why the characters are feeling these emotions.Indeed, by the end of Romeo and Juliet the audience would feel quite emotionally drained by what they had just seen on stage.Anger is portrayed as a very powerful emotion in this play; it is one of the reasons that the two families Montagues and the Capulets cant make the peace. I think that the two young groups are angrier than there parents in the first part of the play e.g. what! Dawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee this is said by Tybalt in act I scene1, a Capulet to one of the Montagues at the gas station where the Montagues plead peace. Tybalt is angry because he thinks that because his uncle is in a feu d with his rival he has to start a fight with the enemy to impress his uncle. This is a god example because it starts the story in anger, which makes Romeo and Juliets love in the middle of all the negative emotions seem lost and hopeless.You dont see much anger in the parents until the end of the play e.g. out you green sickness carrion! Out you baggage! You tallow face. This is said by lord Capulet in act 3 scenes 5 when he is in a rage with Juliet because she wont marry Paris because she is still in love with Romeo even though he killed her cousin and has been exiled. I think that her father may be angry with her because she still loves him and not only is he the enemy he killed his nephew. Her father actually hits her and starts shaking her quite roughly, he also strikes her mother when she tries to pull him off Juliet. Juliet is left to the comfort of the nurse who looks after her.Grief is not shown until Tybalt is killed e.g. my wife is dead tonight! Grief of my sons exile ha th stoppd her breath. What further woe conspires against my age? this is said to the prince in act 5 scene 3. I think that this could be that he is trying to appeal to the princes nature to let Romeo back into the city because it is causing others grief. This shows that he does care about his son because through out the play Romeo and his parent dont appear have much of a relationship.Also lady Capulet appeal to the prince for justice against Romeo, I beg for justice, which thou, prince must give. Romeo slew Tybalt: Romeo must not live. She doesnt seem to care that Tybalt killed Mercutio when Romeo was trying to convince Tybalt that he meant peace. She seems to have a more serious relationship with Tybalt than everyone thinks so maybe she grieved more than most because he meant more to her.Hatred is the strongest emotion in this play; it is clearly seen that the feud between the Capulet and the Montagues is truly hatred and that their children grew up with that so they know no diffe rent. Tybalt see Romeo at his party and sees everybody laughing at him because he would let it pass, instead he speaks to his uncle uncle, this is a Montague, our foe, a villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night I think that Tybalt enraged that they come to spite his family and the name he honours. Indeed his uncle does not want a scene at his party he has prepared, he tells Tybalt to leave it; he hits Tybalt to get though to him that he doesnt want a scene at his party. It could be that he has grown tired of this violent feud and has matured although he does seem a violent man though out the whole play.Mercutio hates the Capulets although he has no family ties with the Capulets or the Montagues. Something in the way he acts around Romeo makes me think the he values the friendship more than Romeo does. O calm dishonourable, vile submission Tybalt you rat catcher, will you walk? This is said it Tybalt from Mercutio in act1 scene2.This is when Tybalt f irst approaches Romeo at the beach with the intent of killing him of at least do him harm, instead he finds that Romeo is not there so he starts on Mercutio. Mercutio taunts him making him angrier and angrier. When Romeo turns up he pleads peace with Tybalt but he is all in a rage and you can clearly see that he truly hates Romeo and as he tries to harm him, Mercutio steps in the way therefore harming him. It is after this that Romeo hates Tybalt for what he has done and acts rashly and retaliates with dire consequences.Love is the main theme of this play for it is what the story is based on, the love that is forbidden. I think that it is cruel to deny their childrens love for the sake of a feud and the love seems lost in the middle of all the ill feelings of the rivals.It is not only the love between Romeo and Juliet but of friends and family.If thou bent on love honourable, they purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow where and what time thou wilt perform the rite. Juliet to Romeo says this in act 1 scene 2.I think that when she and Romeo have declared their love for each other, all thats left for them to do is marry, because they know that if anyone found out before they were wed they would never see each other again.Juliets mother, Lady Capulet says to Juliet about the marriage proposal from Paris the valiant Paris seeks you for his love. It seems that her parents cant see how wrongly suited for her Paris is, and how in love with Romeo she is later in the play.Her father tries to force her into marrying Paris, because he wants her to have a good life and he thinks that his choice of husbands is the right choice and nobody should question that.Juliet shows how true her love for Romeo is when she fakes her death in order to get out of her marriage to Paris.Although fear is present in this story it seems that both sides of this feud are fearless to some point. When the fight is in action it seems that both sides show no fear. I think that the only fear shown is when the friar fears that Romeo does not know the plan and thinks that his love is really dead. Also when Juliet fears that her family will deny her love e.g. bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud with repetition of my Romeos name this is said when Juliet fears that her family will harm Romeo for loving Juliet in act 2 scene 2.Indeed she is scared of what her father might do but at the same deeply in love with Romeo to worry too much about what she is doing.As I said the friar that gave Juliet the poison is fearful because he knows that Romeo does not know that it is poison and not death. He rushes to sends word in another letter but alas he is too late.Despair means complete lack of hope and I think that quite often Juliet feels that there is no hope for her and Romeo e.g.My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown and known too late! Prodigious birth of love to me, that I must love a loathed enemy. Juliet says this in act 1 scene 5. In some ways she is q uite right in this because his father is her fathers rival so in turn she must hate him to. But she loves him and this is why she despairs.O Romeo, Romeo where fore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; or, if thou wilt not, be sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Capulet. This is said Romeo by Juliet act 2 scene 2. This is sort of love and despair in the case that she is despairing because she loves Romeo but he is forbidden, and love because she loves him so much that she would refuse her name and take his which would mean abandon her own family.I think that passion differs very much from love in a way that it is almost lust e.g. o trespass sweetly urgd! Give me my sin again This is said by Romeo to Juliet in act 1 scene 5. This is when she kisses him and he is asking for more, but it is a sin because she is not wed to him and she is supposed to be pure for her husband.I think that it is not only love that tells the story but passion too.This was thought of Romeos first love, for he thinks that he is in love with rosaline who should be married to him, organised by her father, even though he has never met or seen her. Show me a mistress that is passing fair: what doth beauty serve but as a note thou canst not teach me to forgetThis is said to Benvolio, Romeos cousin by Romeo about rosaline in act 1 scene 1.Romeo is in love with the idea of love and is so rapped up in the spirit of his love that until he meets Juliet he mistakes excitement for love.Violence seems to me of more of an action rather than an emotion but it is a grate feeling in this play e.g. now by stock and honour of my kin, to strike him dead I hold it not a sinTybalt says this to all montages in act 1 scene5. I said that I thought violence more of an action than an emotion, but you can clearly see here that Tybalt is feeling violence and although he doesnt kill Mercutio until later in the play I think that he really does want to kill all montages for the sake of honour in this family feud. Also I think that Tybalt doesnt consider it a sin to kill all Montagues for he is in the right and they do not deserve the right to live in his eyes.In conclusion I feel that all the emotions contribute to this masterpiece although critics have said the story is a love and hate storyline all the other emotions bring it together.William Shakespeare has included the most intense and intimate emotions and used them to there full extent.

Bubonic Plague Essays (1110 words) - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic

Bubonic Plague Bubonic Plague Just mention the name and you will send shivers down the spine of many people. There is no doubt that this disease was deadly. Deadly and gruesome to watch. The death rate was 90% for those exposed to the bacterium. It was transmitted by the fleas from infected Old English black rats. The symptoms were clear: swollen lymph nodes (buboes, hence the name), high fever, and delirium. In the worst case, the lungs became infected and the pneumonic form was spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or simply talking. From the time of infection to death was less than one week. There were three major epidemics - in the 6th, 14th, and 17th centuries. The death toll was 137 million victims. As a result, the plague is considered to be the worst epidemic of all time Black Death Plague is a term applied randomly in the Middle Ages to all fatal epidemic diseases, but now restricted to an acute, infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans, caused by a short, thick bacillus, Yersinia pestis. In humans, plague occurs in three forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. Bubonic plague is the best-known form and is so called because it is characterized by the appearance of buboes, in the groin or armpit or on the neck. Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents, and that seek new hosts when the original host dies. The most important of these insects is the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis, which is parasitic on the brown rat. Untreated bubonic plague is fatal in 30 to 75 percent of all cases. The Black Death, the name later given to the plague, ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a great toll of life. Modern research confirms the estimate of the chronicler Jean Froissart that about one-third of the population died. Originating in China and Turkestan, the plague was transmitted to Europeans when a Kipchak army catapulted plague-infested corpses into the town. The Plague spread from the Mediterranean ports, affecting Sicily, North Africa, Italy, Spain, France , Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, and England, and Scandinavia and the Baltic lands.There were recurrences in 1361-63, 1369-71, 1374-75, 1390, and 1400. In bubonic plague, the first symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general feeling of ill health. The lymph nodes of the groin or, less commonly, of the armpit or neck, suddenly become painful and swollen. The temperature, accompanied by shivering, rises to between 101? and 105? F. The pulse rate and respiration rate are increased, and the victim becomes exhausted and apathetic. The buboes swell until they approximate a chicken egg in size. In nonfatal cases, the temperature begins to fall in about five days, and approaches normal in about two weeks. In fatal cases, death results in about four days. The purple color, which appears in all plague victims during their last hours, is due to respiratory failure; the popular name Black Death that is applied to the disease is derived from this symptom. Many preventive measures, such as sanitation, killing of rats, and prevention of the transport of rats in ships arriving from ports in which the disease is endemic, are effective in reducing the incidence of plague. Famine, which reduces resistance to the disease, results in spread of plague. Individuals who have contracted the disease are isolated, put to bed, and fed fluids and easily digestible foods. Sedatives are used to reduce pain and to quiet delirium. During World War II, scientists using sulfa drugs were able to produce cures of plague; subsequently, streptomycin and tetracycline were found to be more effective in controlling the disease. The coming of the Black Death, when in just two years perhaps one third to one half of Europe's population was destroyed, marks a watershed in Medieval and Renaissance European History. Bubonic plague had been absent from Western Europe for nearly a millenium when it appeared in 1348. The reaction was immediate and devastating. Up to two thirds of the population of many of the major European cities succumbed to the plague in the first two years. Government, trade and commerce virtually came to

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity Definition: A wormhole is a theoretical entity allowed by Einsteins theory of general relativity in which spacetime curvature connects two distant locations (or times). The name wormhole was coined by American theoretical physicist John A. Wheeler in 1957, based on an analogy of how a worm could chew a hole from one end of an apple through the center to the other end, thus creating a shortcut through the intervening space. The picture to the right depicts a simplified model of how this would work in linking two areas of two-dimensional space. The most common concept of a wormhole is an Einstein-Rosen bridge, first formalized by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen in 1935. In 1962, John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller were able to prove that such a wormhole would collapse instantly upon formation, so not even light would make it through. (A similar proposal was later resurrected by Robert Hjellming in 1971, when he presented a model in which a black hole would draw matter in while being connected to a white hole in a distant location, which expels this same matter.) In a 1988 paper, physicists Kip Thorne and Mike Morris proposed since that such a wormhole could be made stable by containing some form of negative matter or energy (sometimes called exotic matter). Other types of traversible wormholes have also been proposed as valid solutions to the general relativity field equations. Some solutions to the general relativity field equations have suggested that wormholes could also be created to connect different times, as well as distant space. Still other possibilities have been proposed of wormholes connecting to whole other universes. There is still much speculation on whether it is possible for wormholes to actually exist and, if so, what properties they would actually possess. Also Known As: Einstein-Rosen bridge, Schwarzschild wormhole, Lorentzian wormhole, Morris-Thorne wormhole Examples: Wormholes are best known for their appearance in science fiction. The television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, for example, largely focused on the existence of a stable, traversible wormhole that connected the Alpha Quadrant of our galaxy (which contains Earth) with the distant Gamma Quadrant. Similarly, shows such as Sliders and Stargate have used such wormholes as the means of traveling to other universes or distant galaxies.

Vetoing of Jobs in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vetoing of Jobs in America - Essay Example Public polls have recently indicated that a majority of people support the project although there is still a great percentage of Americans opposing the entire project. Most of the supporters reason that the project will have numerous benefits to America. On the other hand, some Americans have aired their environmental and safety concerns about the project. According to the current economic state, it is evident that America needs more jobs. In addition, gas and fuel prices have been on the rise in the recent past. These are the factors that should convict the president to approve the southern and northern legs of the projects. The expedition of the TransCanada pipeline project has the potential of opening up job opportunities for the American people. It is clear that unemployment rates have been on the rise in the recent past. It is critical for the government to give attention to any project that I likely to improve the current situation. Statistics reveal that there are a great numb er of unemployed Americans despite their education level. An opportunity that is likely to create more than 250000 jobs is not something to disapprove. This is the reason why majority of American feel that the project should receive approval (Minicucc 1). The postponing of the approval of the consideration of the northern leg of the project until 2013 is disheartening to many Americans who were looking forward to the new jobs that the project will bring. The issues that led to the postponing of the crucial decision revolve around environmental and safety issues. Since America has other major pipelines, it is worthwhile to examine the risks posed by the existing pipelines. Understanding of such risks will enable the government to indulge into the project with more safety caution rather than let it go completely. According to the Energy Information Administration, the Trans Alaska pipeline is a classical example of a pipeline constructed with relevant safety measures put into place to minimize potential effects to both the environment and people. Reliable sources reveal that the spill rates of oil have decreased immensely in the recent past. These statistics imply that the TransCanada pipeline project is viable and should receive approval. According to the Oil Information Service, it is a time when fuel and gas prices are rising at an alarming rate, it is critical for the government to analyze the possible effect of the keystone pipeline to the gas prices. It is evident that the pipeline will be tapping more fuel into the country and them increasing supply is likely to bring the prices down. Although many people are afraid that different hubs along the pipeline will have the capacity to readjust prices and raise them, their fears are unwarranted because the effect will be minimal. America is suffering and approval of the project will be a great relief in the current hard economic times. The white house relented from approving the northern leg of the project beca use of the short notice on which it had to make the decision. According to white house reports, there was no adequate time to analyze and assess the risks of the project and address all the environmental concerns. However, Trans Canada already has in place environmental regulations that can be of potential use to assess whether the project is worth a trial (Trans Canada corporation 1). America has the appropriate guidelines that should enable it to weigh out the potential of the pipeline. Bearing in mind that pipeline transport poses the

To be determined Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

To be determined - Research Paper Example One short story will be used as an example to illustrate the dual existence between the inter and out worlds of different aspects of the Russian society and its ramifications. To conclude, it will be shown that Chekhov had a double role himself. He wrote about the ludicrousy of the upper classes in Tsarist Russian while establishing his own genre of short story writing. In 19th century Russia, Chekhov wrote about Russian society without ever talking about societal issues. It has never been part of Russian culture to complain about the trials and tribulations of society or the government. To judge the Tsar would have meant imprisonment. Folk literature, fairy tales, allegorical tale became part of the culture out of necessity. The need to express dissatisfaction cannot be suppressed. Historically this trend has gone through to the 21rst century. The Industrial Revolution was late in coming to Russia. It had started in Europe in the 18th century. (Nurijand, 2007) With the growth of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, there was a displacement of populations from the rural areas into the cities. (Nurijand, 2007) Populations started social conflicted as social differences became more pronounced. The government was a dictatorial monarchy. Self expression was only allowed under Tsarist terms. Chekhov developed a technique of writing which would be the equivalent of writing a symphony without writing a symphonic poem. He had music without meaning. He wrote where the reader would have to interpret the social and cultural changes which were needed. He developed a new genre of short story. Feelings, thoughts, timbre, and movement are expressed. He was advanced before his time but his existentialism has been used afterwards by such writers as James Joyce, Albert Camus, etc.. In the 19th century, after reading a short story, a reader had questions about himself and society. Many of the societal questions which should have been put on the front page of a newspaper are discretely brought up in his stories for the reader to interpret in the way he sees. In Lady and a Dog, there are many social issues which are addressed. How did the upper class live; what did they do with their time; why were the ladies so suppressed; what was the difference in life in St Petersburg and Moscow? The questions are never ending. Literature has been used in the last two hundred years as a means to express the problems of societies. When society is suppressed, literature is expressed allegorically or through the use of symbolism. It was impossible to explicitly talk about the social problems, but it was possible to write about the socio-psychological condition of man. 19th century literature in France indicated the social unrest of the classes in Paris. Victor Hugo wrote Les Miserables and spoke about such issues as the death penalty. In England, the 19th century showed the social issues of the poor in Charles Dickens' Tale of Two Cities; and the decadency of the r ich with Pride and Prejudice of Jane Austen. In 19th century Russia, Chekhov was confronted about the strict social structure. People could not change easily. They were controlled and judged.. The class structure comprised of 5 distinct and separate groups which was strict and demanding. It wasn't abolished until the Bolshevik Revolution in 1905. "The upper class were the nobility, the landowners (serfdoms) and the capitalists. The middle class were the merchants, tradesmen, civil servants

Compensation Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compensation Benefits - Essay Example I am the new Director of benefits for Lansing-Smith Corporation. I am recommending a compensation program that will hopefully retain our employees and offer those benefits that are better then other companies. It is my liability as compensation and benefit expert to conduct market pay studies, these studies decide what jobs that our company ought to pay, what benefits and incentives are suitable. I start with a clearly define job description; insure comparable market information, base pay, salary compensation, salary trend and total compensation. Then I will study salary survey data, make a few phone calls to external sources and send out complete questionnaires to companies and agencies to collect data relating to these job descriptions. The explanation will have title of job, department, who the employee reports to, a job summary and the synopsis of the necessary functions of the job. I then will accumulate my findings on a salary analysis form. "Position title, base pay, benefits such as medical, dental, vision, life, stock options, retirement benefits and additional incentives. (Appendix A & B) This will make it easy to contrast and examine information in various salary categories". With well defined job explanation and great tools to assist organize the information I can accomplish a market pay study to help our company stay spirited. The job assessment is a tool used to assess the worth of each job in our organization and in the market. With a winning job evaluation system I can make our organization's pay system evenhanded, understandable, lawfully defensible, approachable, and outwardly competitive. "I will use the job evaluations to: * Clarify job metaphors so that employees comprehend the expectations of their roles and the association of their roles to other jobs inside the organization. * Attract desirable job candidates. * Retain high-potential employees. The market assessment job will compare compensation for our organization's jobs to the marketplace rate for comparable jobs. This method necessitates precise market-pricing surveys. Market pay is the compensation paid for an exact job, including information regarding bonuses and benefits that is resolute by a continual analysis of the aggressive job market. Market pay data is a fraction of our organization's overall policy to determine evenhanded compensation. Otherwise, we may not remain spirited"(http://www.worldatwork.org). In raising a market pay study I will gain a list of companies that have positions related to our company's positions, and then I would converse job descriptions and pay ranges for every position. I will then have the market pay information needed to found and communicate employee compensation. "In reality, collecting data that precisely reflects the market rates for jobs in our organization is additional hard. Because your organization's most excellent similar jobs are likely to be those of our main competitors. As I conduct the market pay study, I keep in mind that I should use market pay data as part of the overall strategy not as the sole strategy to determine equitable compensation within our organization. Our organization's compensation values and compulsion to fair, evenhanded, and unbiased pay practices should also play a role, in addition to conducting marketplace pay studies"

Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies

Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies Every research study needs to be contextualised, understood within the background and context of its place within the theoretical and practice spectrum (Fink, 2005). Nursing research, as with every other aspect of nursing practice, should be ethically sound (Carrick, 2000), and should also be founded within sound methodological principles and developed along the lines of evidence for practice. Within a primary research study such as this, the ability to understand the nature of the practice and evidence base of the study is very important, and there are two pre-existing spheres of theory which can support this. The first of these is the field of evidence-based practice, and the second is reflective practice, both of which contribute to the processes of critical thinking which are involved in research practice as much as they are in clinical practice. The combination of these two practices within this primary research study relates to the need to in-build a clear decision trail and map of the reflexivity involved in a qualitative approach to generating and analysing data. Reflection in nursing practice is an importnat component of ongoing professional development (Driscoll, 1994; Gustafson and Fagerberg, 2004), how it contribues to professional development is what concerns the author here. Processes of structured and purposive reflection on practice, and on learning and knowledge acquistion of development (Coutss-Jarman, 1993), contribute to the development of critical thinking skills which contribute to the processes of applying evidence to practice and assimilating knowledge into the wider schema which relate to nurses ways of knowing (Daly, 1998;Rolfe, 2005). Therefore, the author, being aware of the contribution of good reflection to a reflexive process of clinical learning and application of knowledge (Gibbs, 1988; Hargreaves , 2004), aimed to apply a similar critical and reflexive approach to the process of reviewing and critiquing the literature relevant to this research study. Although there are those who argue that reflection per se is a biased and often self-referential (Jones, 1995), this author would argue that reflexivity is a fundamental component of inductive processes of qualitative research practice, particularly in relation to the interpretation of data (Silverman, 2001). and therefore, set out to review the literature using a critical and reflexive approach, building in principles of reflection and critical thinking (Price, 2000), but applied to the relationship between the nurse as researcher and their burgeoning knowledge and understanding, as it feeds into their tacit and intellectual knowledge. Critical science within nursing is established as a means of developing critical thinking and analysis skills and incorporating multiple ways of knowing into the theory and practice domains (Fontana, 2004). Nursing research and the principles of theory generation intersect naturally with this kind of approach, because nursing research is, however abstract or applied, concerned with the improvement of nursing practice, one way or another (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003). It is also imperative that nurses who carry out research ensure that the research is of the highest possible methodological quality, so that it can be used as evidence for practice, or else it would not be ethical to carry it out, particularly if vulnerable people are being asked to participate (Hedgecoe, 2008; Carrick, 2000). Thus the author set out to ensure that the critical reflexive review of the literature was carried out to the highest possible quality, by combining the critical principles of research critique and evidence based practice with research searching skills. Therefore, the author structured the literature review as a means of both identifying relevant research and discussion or commentary on the research question, and critiquing the quality of that research as evidence for practice in its own right, as a means of taking a more rigorous and focused means of contextualising the research study and contributing to the ultimate process of theory generation. The focus of the literature review is literature available, and literature as evidence for practice, because this focus on evidence is part of the current trend towards quality of care (Elliot, 2000). All those involved in the provision of healthcare at a professional level are required to be able to identify and apply research for their sphere of practice (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004), particularly if this evidence can improve practice. But for this, the nurse must be able to evalute the evidence in relation to methodological quality (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003; Hek, 2000; Elliott, 2001). Thus, to begin with, the author considered the kinds of research evidence available, fully aware that the scientific rationalist paradimg is considered to provide the highest quality of research for practice (Upshur, 2001; Sackett et al, 1996 ), but also fully espoused to the value of qualtative research in the evidence paradigm (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004, Upshur, 2001; Stevens and Ledbetter 2000 ). A nurse evaluating research to feed into their own study needs to understand research methodology and practice, and to understand the principles of research critique and evaluation. A range of critiquing frameworks exist which provide useful insight into the quality and usefulness of research, as a foundation for developing the inteded reflexive critical review of the literature, such as the ones suggested by Cormack (2000), CASP (2004), Daggett et al (2005), Duffy (2005). These provide clear guidelines for the critiquing of both qualitative and quantitative research articles, as well as case studys and systematic reviews. The author proposes to develop a critiquing framework using a combination of these approaches, which feeds into the process of reflection so that the author will reflect on every step of the literature review whilst carrying it out, and modify their approach according to what that reflection brings to the surface. The aim, as stated earlier, is to use reflexivity to evaluate the evidence base for practice (Stevens and Ledbetter, 2000; Sackett et al, 1996). Evidence based practice is both a goal and a process, and therefore it could be argued that identifying the state of the evidence base is a fundamental starting point for the research project overall, not just an element of the required research process. This may be all the more important in this study because of the challenges of ensuring qualitative research is viewed as a valid contribution to theory and to practice (Cohen and Crabtree, 2008; Kearney, 2001). Thus the process of literature review is aimed at providing something which, on its own, will contribute to the evidence base for practice (Pepler et al, 2006), as well as providing the necessary critical, clinical and thoeretical context for the authors own study. Following on from the development of the critiquing model, with its in-built reflexivity, the author wil carry out an initial search of the literature using a set of key words and search terms that wil be developed using a brainstorming technique. Given the authors pre-existing knowledge of the topic, informed by the literature which was used to develop the research proposal, this brainstorming exercise is also an exercise in reflexivity. The author will then develop a short list of search terms to be used in isolation and in combination to search the available literature. The search will be carried out in all the relevant and available electronic gateways and search engines, including BNI; CINAHL; EMBASE; MEDLINE; Cochrane Collaboration; Science Direct; and Google Scholar. The author will also search online to look for guidelines and recommendations using the same search terms. As the search continues, the author will revise the search terms in response to the kinds of papers that are returned, keeping a record of these revisions, until they feel they have accessed all the relevant articles. Those deemed relevant to the study will be retrieved, and the most pertinent will be critiqued according to the model the author will have developed. The literature review will be presented in themes, but containing comparative analysis, and the author will ensure that, in order to fit in with the overall study, that there is a balance of qualitative and quantitative studies included.

The Different Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance Education Essay

In this chapter, the research worker reviews several facets of the literature environing factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation. First, the relationship that exists between factors and pupils ‘ academic public presentation, which is the footing of this survey, is examined. This is followed by a reappraisal of past surveies pertinent to the research and a elaborate account of the conceptual models that underlie the survey. It is hoped that on completion of the undertaking, some penetrations may be gained into the job from a planetary position.IntroductionMost pupils acquiring into MBBS plan have a good academic path record upon entry into the medical school. In Malayan medical school it is observed that each twelvemonth about 10-15 % of pupils have trouble in finishing their medical class on clip and this is a concerned to medical pedagogues and decision makers. It is of import to cognize the grounds why there is a pronounced alteration in their academic o nce they come to professional classs particularly medicine. Clearly, there are legion cognitive and non-cognitive factors that have a much stronger influence on medical pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Identifying the factors associated with pupils ‘ academic public presentation or academic accomplishment in the medical class will enable the medical pedagogues, course of study contriver and policy marker to put up support systems to assist them execute better. Many surveies are carried out to research factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation or accomplishment. All of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical programme depend on different socio-economic and psychological factors ( Syed Tahir Hijazi & A ; Raza Naqri, 2006 ) . Medical pupils are chief assets of the medical schools or colleges. In position of that, the pupils ‘ academic public presentation and accomplishment dramas an of import function in bring forthing the best quality alumnuss who will go great leader and work force for the state therefore responsible for the states economic and societal development. The public presentation of pupils in universities should be a concern non merely to the decision makers and pedagogues, but besides to corporations in the labor market.Literature Review on Factors Affecting Students ‘ PerformanceUp to day of the month many surveies have been developed refe ring the factors influence pupils ‘ public presentation such as demographic, active acquisition, pupil attending, extracurricular activities, and equals influence and class appraisal. A reappraisal of the literature have indicated that pupil attitudes toward survey, survey wonts and strategic acquisition, pupil psychological features, larning manner, household background, instructors function and many others are closely related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation ( Eccles & A ; Wigfield, 1985 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Hanson, 1994, Ali et al.,2009 ) . Gough and Hall ( 1964 ) mentioned that anticipation of pupil public presentation in the medical school can be made by mean of the California Psychological Inventory ( CPI ) and this is supported by Tutton survey in 1993. Other instruments such as Eysenek Personality Inventory or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory greatly enhanced the anticipation of pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical sch ool ( Roesslet, et al. , 1978 ; Lipton et al. , 1984 ; Weiss, 1988 ) . In this survey the literature hunt for factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation will be concentrated on pupil ‘s features, parent ‘s features, teacher ‘s features and college factors.Student ‘s characteristic and academic public presentationWhat are the cardinal factors that promote academic success among pupils whose single features place them at high hazard of failure in the medical programme? Much research in recent old ages has focused on placing the cardinal factors in the pupil features that promotes academic success. Qualities such as psychological demands and societal accomplishments, viz. self-efficacy, motive, attitudes and behavior, academic competence, communicating accomplishments, coaction, cooperation, and squad capablenesss are of import for the pupil in the medical programme. Students who possess these accomplishments are able to work efficaciously with others and managed their surveies expeditiously ( Lust & A ; Moore, 20 06 ) . The medical colleges could aim these factors in developing schemes in bettering pupil acquisition and better their academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Womble ( 2003 ) academic competency, self-efficacy, motive, pupils ‘ attitudes and behavior, clip direction and battle in category activities are some of the factors that affect an persons ‘ academic public presentation.2.2.1.1 Academic CompetenceKleijn et Al ( 1994 ) pointed out that academic competency is associated with pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden, i.e. pupil with better academic competency would likely hold better academic public presentation. Review into the literatures has indicated that the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviours lending to academic competency autumn into one of two spheres: ( I ) Academic Skills or ( two ) Academic Enablers ( DiPerna and Elliott, 1999 ) .Academic Skills SubscalesReading/Language Humanistic disciplines Mathematicss Critical ThinkingAcademic Enablers SubscalesMotivation Battle Study Skills Interpersonal SkillsFigure 2.1: Academic Competence Model ( DiPerna & A ; Elliot, 1999 )DiPernia and Elliot theoretical account ( 1999 ) stated the followers: Motivation reflects a pupil ‘s attack, continuity, and degree of involvement sing academic topics. Battle reflects attending and active engagement in schoolroom activities. Study accomplishments are behaviours that facilitate the processing of new stuff and pickings trials Interpersonal accomplishments include concerted acquisition behaviors necessary to interact with others In the survey by Demaray and Elliot ( 1998 ) it can be conclude that instructors are able in foretelling their pupils ‘ accomplishment on standardised trials such as academic competency rating graduated table and separating between pupils with low or high academic public presentation. In decision, holding a good academic competency will therefore heighten the pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden and to be successful in their survey. In this survey, academic competency is defined as a multidimensional concept composed of the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviors of the pupil that contribute to academic success in the category.Student ‘s attitudes toward surveyMost cognitive theoreticians and research workers have acknowledged that hapless academic self-concept, low self-pride, negative attitudes toward survey, or erroneous perceptual experiences of pupils may be associated with hapless academic public presentation ( van der Veer & A ; Valsiner, 1991 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahir Hijaz and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) , they found that attitude towards survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation and therefore confirmed the earlier findings by new wave der Veer and Valsinere ( 1991 ) . Battle in larning – There is significant grounds that battle in medical school or college is of import in advancing pupil success and acquisition and that a figure of factors in the college environment foster high degrees of battle. Student battle can be defined as the degree of engagement and intrinsic involvement that a pupil shows in college ( Newmann, 1992 ) . Battle in college involves both behaviors ( such as continuity, attempt, attending ) and attitudes ( such as motive, positive acquisition values, involvement, and pride in success ) ( Connell & A ; Wellborn, 1991 ) . Connell and Wellborn indicates that engaged pupils seek out activities, indoors and outside the schoolroom, that lead to success and this has been supported by Dowson and McInerney ( 2001 ) . It has been showed that the occupied pupils learn more, retain more, and bask larning activities more than pupils who are non engaged and they are the most successful ( Kirsch et al, 2002 ) . Many school-level surve ies have identified higher degrees of pupil battle as of import forecasters of tonss on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more the pupil engaged in larning the more successful they will be in their academic. Class attending and academic public presentation – Class attending is believed to hold positive relationship with pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It was expected that high absentees from the category would hold a negative consequence on the pupil ‘s academic classs and would diminish their scrutiny tonss and classs. Many research workers recognized that category attending is an of import facet in bettering pupil ‘s public presentation. A survey conducted by Collett et al. , 2007 ; Stanca, 2006 ; Chow, 2003 ; Rodgers, 2001 ; Durden and Ellis, 1995 ; Romer 1993, found that attending have little, but statistically important, consequence on pupil public presentation. Marburger ( 2001 ) concluded that pupils who missed category were significantly more likely to react falsely to inquiries associating to material covered that twenty-four hours than were pupils who were present. Moore ( 2006 ) indicated that category attending enhances larning ; on norm, pupil s who came to the most categories made the highest classs, despite the fact that they received no points for coming to category. Arulampalam et Al. ( 2007 ) found that there is a causal consequence of absence on public presentation for pupils: losing category leads to poorer public presentation. On the other manus, Martins and Walker ( 2006 ) mentioned that there are no important effects from category attending. This is besides supported by Park and Kerr ( 1990 ) and Schmidt ( 1993 ) who found an opposite relationship between pupils ‘ attending and their class classs. Jennjou Chen ( 2006 ) , in his survey â€Å" Class attending and exam public presentation: A randomised experiment † , found that category attending has produced a positive and important impact on pupils ‘ test public presentation. His consequence revealed that, on norm, go toing talk corresponds to a 7.66 % betterment in exam public presentation. Most universities has taken into serious consideratio n respect per centum of category attending and hence imposed a policy of excluding the pupil from scrutiny when the per centum of the attending is less than 80 % .Self-efficacy and motiveSelf-efficacy is how people feel about themselves and how much they like themselves, particularly socially and academically when it comes to college pupils. Through the many force per unit areas and dashing duties of being a pupil, one learns and understands the importance of holding a high self-efficacy in college. Having one ‘s academic accomplishment meet one ‘s academic outlooks and desires is a major key to most college pupils ‘ self-efficacy. Having a high self-efficacy has many positive effects and benefits, particularly among college pupils. Students who feel positive about themselves succumb less easy to force per unit areas of conformance by equals, are more relentless at hard undertakings, are happier and more sociable, and most pertinent to this survey is that they tend to execute better academically. On the other manus, college pupils with a low self-efficacy tend to be unhappy, less sociable and are more vulnerable to depression, which are all correlated with lower academic accomplishment ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Academic accomplishment is influenced by sensed competency, venue of control, liberty, and motive ( Wiest, 1998 ) . Past research has shown that self-efficacy and academic accomplishment correlative straight to a moderate grade ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Self-efficacy surveies are really popular for educational research and it has been shown that it played a really of import function in academic accomplishment ( Oxford et al. , 1993 ) . During the past decennary, self-efficacy beliefs have received increasing attending in educational research, chiefly in the country of academic motive ( Pintrich & A ; Schunk, 1995 ) . In the instance of instruction, self-efficacy is seen to hold a relationship with attempt, continuity and accomplishment. Chemers, Hu & A ; Garcia ( 2001 ) , in their work on mathematical job resolution, have shown that kids with higher self-efficacy strived for longer periods and used more effectual job work outing schemes than pupils with lower self-efficacy. Surveies have investigated the relationships among efficaciousness beliefs, related psychological concepts, and academic motive and accomplishment. Findingss besides support Bandura ‘s ( 1986 ) contention that efficaciousness beliefs mediate the consequence of accomplishments or other self-beliefs on subsequent public presentation by act uponing attempt, continuity, and doggedness ( Bandura & A ; Schunk, 1981 ; Lent, Brown, & A ; Larkin, 1984 ; Schunk & A ; Hanson, 1985 ; Bouffard Bouchard, 1990 ) . Berry ( 1987 ) stressed that self-efficacy enhances pupils ‘ memory public presentation by heightening continuity. In the surveies by Lent et Al ( 1984 and 1986 ) demonstrated that college pupils with high self-efficacy achieved high academic accomplishment. Research workers have established that self-efficacy is a strong forecaster of academic public presentation accomplishment ( Pintrich & A ; De Groot, 1990 ; Multon et al. , 1991 ; Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ; Pajares & A ; Mi ller, 1994 ) . Researches besides show that self-efficacy beliefs have positive effects on pupil motive and academic public presentation.Strategic Studying TechniquesStrategic analyzing techniques may assist pupils accomplish a higher mark in the scrutiny. Strategic analyzing is defined as the cognition and application of effectual survey accomplishments or techniques by the pupils ( Kleijn et al, 1994 ) . There are many efficient survey techniques that could be used by pupils based on the acquisition environment ( Alvermann, 1991 and Ogle, 1986 ) . These survey schemes include Know-Want-Learn ( K-W-L ) , Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review ( SQ3R ) , sum uping and note-taking, utilizing artworks, and self-questioning. Extensive class tonss and the comprehensive information covered in today ‘s medical course of study necessitate the usage of effectual survey schemes for academic success ( Lay, 1993 ) . Active acquisition has received notably attending over the past several old ages. In the context of the college schoolroom, active larning involves pupils in making things and believing about the things they are making ( Bonwell & A ; Eison, 1991 ) . In the medical programme active acquisition involves the pupils to work out jobs, answer inquiries, formulate inquiries of their ain, discuss, explain, argument, or insight during category. Bonwell and Eison ( 1991 ) concluded that active larning leads to better pupil attitudes and betterments in pupils ‘ thought and authorship. A survey by Wilke ( 2003 ) besides indicated pupils in both the intervention and control groups demonstrated a positive attitude toward active acquisition, believed it helped ( or would assist ) pupils to larn the stuff. Felder et Al. ( 2000 ) recommended that active acquisition is one of the acquisition scheme methods that work. In add-on, Felder and Brent ( 2003 ) mentioned that every bit small as five pr oceedingss of active acquisition in a 50-minute category session can bring forth a major encouragement in larning. Harmonizing to them, active acquisition aftermaths pupils up. However, DeLong ‘s ( 2008 ) survey did non back up the hypothesis that active acquisition based learning methods will impact positive alteration on pupil public presentation as measured by class concluding class and non-intellectual acquisition factors as measured by the TRAC-R ( Test of Reactions and Adaptations to College-Revised ) , an overall step of college accommodation. He found that factors such as professor-student resonance and professor apprehension of non-intellectual factors may hold influenced the current consequences. Another factor associated with strategic analyzing technique is clip direction accomplishment. Time direction accomplishments are besides of import to academic success. Time direction accomplishments include activities performed by pupils such as planning in progress, prioritising work, trial readying, and following agendas ( Kirscenabaum & A ; Perri, 1982 ) . Balancing clip direction and survey techniques may accomplish higher academic public presentation efficaciously ( Entwistle & A ; Ramsden, 1983 ; Powell, 2004 ) . Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) in their survey found that attitude towards clip allotment for survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation, i.e. the longer continuance of clip allotment in surveies improved the public presentation mark. Learning manner – One of the statements often put frontward to explicate why some pupils do non make every bit good in their academic is because they do non cognize how to analyze. Ramsden and Entwistle ( 1981 ) have shown that following right acquisition manners do influence good accomplishment in scrutiny. Learning manner predict public presentation in medical school ( McManus et al, 1998 ) . Heidi and Stephen ( 2006 ) mentioned that medical pupils do hold different methods of larning manners and following this learning manner as one of the methods of strategic analyzing will act upon their academic public presentation. Therefore, Blackmore ( 1996 ) suggested that it is of import for pedagogues to develop appropriate acquisition attacks for the pupils and to promote them to follow this preferable acquisition manner as their strategic analyzing techniques.Family featuresFamily background factors such as the educational degree of the parent, household income or fiscal, parent support and educational outlook seem to exercise some influence on pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and this has been supported by several yesteryear and recent surveies ( Hossler & A ; Stage, 1992 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Beyer, 1995 ; Paulson, 1996 ; Hossler et al. , 1999 ; Checchi, 2000 ; Ermisch & A ; Francesconi, 2001 ; Agus & A ; Makhbul, 2006 ) . The relationships of parent degree of instruction, parent educational outlook for their kids, parental engagement and support and pupils ‘ accomplishment are proposed by the Chen ‘s Model of household influence s on pupil academic accomplishment ( Chen, 1995 ) .Table 2.1: A Proposed Model of Family Influences on Students ‘ Academic Performance Achievement( Adapted from Chen ( 1995 ) Family Factors Children ‘s Results Parent support Books at place Facilities such as computing machine Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Assurance in survey Academic accomplishment. Parent outlooks and engagement Parental instruction Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Engagement The literature reappraisal will look into the influence of these household factors on the pupils ‘ public presentation in deepness.Influence of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s academic public presentationIn the earlier surveies, Hossler and Stage ( 1992 ) and Beyer ( 1995 ) indicated that there is a positive relationship between the parent ‘s educational degree and their kids success in their academic. In an extension to the earlier survey, Ermisch and Francesconi ( 2001 ) found an interesting determination in their survey where there is important gradient between each parent ‘s instruction degree and their kid ‘s educational accomplishment. From Ermisch and Rrancesconi study it can be concluded that female parent ‘s instruction has a stronger association with her kid ‘s educational accomplishment than the instruction of the male parent. This consequence is supported by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahi r Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) they indicate that the degree of instruction of female parent has been found to exercise the strongest influence on academic accomplishment as compared to degree of instruction of male parent. Mothers ‘ educational degree is chosen because literatures suggest that female parent ‘s degree of instruction is a stronger forecaster of kids ‘s larning results ( PISA, 2000 ) . Studies has besides shown that pupils whose female parents have completed third instruction performed even better in their academic than hose whose female parents have completed secondary instruction degree. From the literature hunt on the impact of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s public presentation female parent ‘s instruction degree is a strongest forecaster factor and it was assumed that educated female parents can assist their kids to better and maintain proper cheque on their activities. This survey is undertaken to look into the infl uence of the parent ‘s degree of instruction on the pupil ‘s public presentation within the Malayan context.Family income and pupil ‘s academic public presentationThe United States Department of Education ( 2000 ) found in a survey that the relationship between household income and pupil ‘s public presentation is non simple and direct. Johnson ( 1996 ) opined that low income of parent is a major hindrance to academic success and development on the portion of the pupils. This is because poorness or low income of parents has elastic effects on their kids academic plants as they lack adequate resources and financess to patronize their educational demands and this leads to hapless public presentation of their kids. An probe conducted by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) indicated that pupils from households of higher income degrees perform better in their academic public presentation as compared to those who come from households of lower income brackets. Checchi ( 2000 ) besides concluded household income provides an inducement for better pupil public presentation ; richer parents internalise this affect by puting more resources in the instruction of their kids. Once the investing is undertaken, the pupil fulfill parents ‘ outlooks by perform better in their surveies. Based on the research done by him, he demonstrated that kids from richer households perform better than those from poorer households. On the other manus, Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqvi ( 2006 ) found that there is negative relationship between pupil public presentation and pupil household income. Research done by Beblo and Lauer ( 2004 ) besides found that parents ‘ income and their labor market position have a weak impact o n kids ‘s instruction. With these conflicting findings the inquiry to be answered is ‘Do household income is an issue to pupils ‘ accomplishment in academic? ‘ To research the correlativity between household income and pupils ‘ academic public presentation the intent of this survey is to prove the hypothesis that household fiscal position is associated with the academic public presentation of a medical pupil in the Malaysia.Parent engagement, educational outlook and supportOther household factors that may act upon pupils ‘ academic accomplishment are parental engagement, educational outlook and support ( Paulson, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Eccles and Harold ( 1993 ) active engagement from the parents in their kids instruction plays a critical function in the pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and success. Eccles and Harold determination is supported by the surveies from Beyer ( 1995 ) and Paulson and Marchant ( 1998 ) . Involving parents in the instruction of their kids straight affects pupil accomplishment in school, college and university. It has been shown that affecting parents in the instruction of their kids helps to increase the pupil ‘s accomplishment and self-pride. Fehrmann et Al ( 1987 ) examines the effects of parental engagement on a larger sample of high school pupils and formulated that the more intensively parents are involved in their kids education the more good are the achievement effects. This finding holds true for all types of types and ages of pupils and is supported by the survey of Henderson ( 1987 ) . All research surveies, which address these countries, found that parent engagement has positive effects on pupil attitudes and behavior ( Sattes, 1985 ; Ferhrman et al. , 1978 ; Henderson, 1987 ) . The pupils ‘ perceptual experience of parent educational outlook and support for acquisition has a strong impact on their accomplishment ( Mau & A ; Bikos, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Beyer ( 1995 ) parent ‘s educational aspirations for and outlooks of their kids ‘s academic public presentation positively correlates with the kids ‘s classs, educational aspirations, motive. Beyer farther indicated that these parental factors encourage self-esteem and actuate the pupils to execute good in their academic. In drumhead, most of the surveies reviewed indicate that pupils from households with high outlooks and support would hold higher academic accomplishments.Teachers ‘ outlook and supportThe outlooks instructors have for their pupils and the premises they make about their possible have a touchable consequence on pupil accomplishment. Since the late 1960 ‘s research workers have been concerned with the influence of instructor outlooks on pupil public present ation. Study by Bamburg ( 1994 ) clearly establishes that instructor outlooks do play a important function in finding how good and how much do pupils larn. Students tend to internalise the beliefs instructor have about their ability. This is supported by Raffini ( 1993 ) who clearly stated that when instructors believe in pupils, the pupils believe in themselves and this understanding between pupils and instructors is a important subscriber for the pupil success in their academic accomplishment. There is a inclination for instructors to acquire what they expect from their pupils. This happens because instructors have ( frequently unconscious ) inclinations to handle pupils otherwise based on how likely they think it is that pupils will be successful. Conversely, when pupils are viewed as lacking in ability or motive and are non expected to do important advancement, they tend to follow this perceptual experience of themselves ( Gonder, 1991 ) . Omatoni and Omatoni ( 1996 ) make a poi nt that holding high outlook does non as if by magic equalize pupils ‘ innate abilities and larning rates. Therefore, instructors were advised to routinely project attitudes, beliefs, outlook to the extent that they treat their pupils as if they already are eager scholar and these instructors ‘ features will promote the pupil to go more eager scholars. This survey will look into instructor anticipation effects on the academic accomplishment of medical pupils.Factors in the college environment that support pupils ‘ academic public presentationQuaglia and Perry ( 1996 ) and Wilson ( 1992 ) have investigated the significance of the school or college environment on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It has been documented that factors in the school or college environment may impede or back up pupil ‘s development and academic success ( Esposito, 1999 ; Goodenow, 1993 ; Mouton & A ; Hawkins, 1996 ) .Peer relationshipAssorted surveies had been done an d found that equals influence does hold impact on pupil public presentation ( Hanushek et. Al, 2002 ; Goethals, 2001 ; Gonzales et. al. , 1996 ) and besides been shown that equal influence has more powerful effects. Peer support was positively related to pupils ‘ scrutiny mark and class. Wilkinson and Fung ( 2002 ) in their survey concluded that by grouping pupils in heterogenous larning ability ( low ability pupils grouped with high ability pupils ) will demo an betterment in larning procedure and outcomes. This determination can be argued tap top pupils can positively impact less able pupils by supplying an aid and mentoring. In another survey, Schindler ( 2003 ) found that blending abilities will impact weak pupils positively nevertheless the consequence for good pupils is negative. Schindler determination is beliing with Goethals ( 2001 ) survey, who found that pupils in homogenous group ( irrespective of high ability or low ability ) perform better than pupils in heteroge nous group. Supporting the findings from Fung ( 2002 ) and Schindler ( 2003 ) , Giuliodori, Lujan and DiCarlo ( 2006 ) added that equal interaction could increase pupil ability on work outing problem-solving inquiries and the equal direction will besides advance pupil ‘s engagement and better pupil ‘s public presentation.Challenging educational environmentResearch shows that pupils are more motivated to larn when instructors ask them to wrestle with new constructs, explain their logical thinking, defend their decisions, or explore alternate schemes and solution ( National Research Council, 1999 ) . Furthermore, pupils enjoy larning more when their instructors employ active pedagogical schemes. Meece suggested that when schoolroom direction draws on pupils ‘ pre-existing cognition and real-life experiences the acquisition session will be become more interesting and basking which consequence in the pupil learn more better and achieved better classs in scrutiny and ac ademic ( Meece, 1991 ) . Cohen ( 1994 ) strengthen this determination that when pupils can set their caputs together instead than work in isolation they are receptive to disputing assignments which will straight hike their public presentation.Summary of Literature ReviewFactors impacting pupil ‘s academic public presentation is an of import issue in higher instruction particularly in the medical programme. There has been extended research on the influences of cardinal factors on pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It is interesting to observe that all of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in their academic depend on different socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. A reappraisal of the literature indicated that pupils ‘ acquisition manner, household background, pupils ‘ feature, and school or college experience factors are related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation.( 4,220 words )

Guidelines for Completing the Observations of Children Essay

You are required to submit a report on your observations (labeled observation report) of 2 young children. As discussed in class, the subjects of your observation should be one boy and one girl who are 3 and 4 years of age. The report should be presented in narrative format and include a description of the center in which the study took place. Included in the report should be a description of each student studied, and the notes on how well the children performed the milestones in the four categories of child development (language, physical-gross motor plus fine motor skills-, cognitive and psychosocial development). Under each category, you need to explain how the individual child performed the milestones by using the specified chart. The key to your description should be guided by the labels (acquired, emerging, and strategies for home/school). Write a conclusion for each of the summaries. In closing, provide a reflection (labeled reflection) on how this experience benefitted you as an educator who may one day work with young children. Consult your book and or an internet source to make recommendations for home/school. The due date for this report can be found in the course syllabus. Put the report in a folder and separate the work with tabs and dividers according to the age of the child. Place the completed grids found in the LAP-3 behind the report. Below please find an outline that can be used to assist in writing the report: Title – Observation Report First Section(all alone)—-Name plus description of the Center and selected personnel. TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 3 year old. Please include background info about the family, if obtainable. In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 3 year old, i.e. if it is  (1) language skills– acquired – why do you say it is acquired, (2) physical development–emerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitive–strategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs extra work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocial—acquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion. TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 4 year old. Please include background info about the family, if obtainable. In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 4 year old. i.e. if it is (1) language skills– acquired – why do you say it is acquired, (2) physical development–emerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitive–strategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs extra work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocial—acquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion. Reflection-How will this activity help me to become a good inservce teacher. The completed LAP-3 Grids (End of the Year Summary Sheets-2-one for the 3 and one for the 4 year old)