Critics on the ” Discourse on the Arts and Sciences”

It can not be denied that with the development of science and technology, people live in a more comfortable way which they can never image one hundred years before. Sciences and arts change people's thoughts and improve human culture. Some changes may be good, others may be not that delightful, but no matter how, we still go forward in the wave of science revolution. What scientists do is all about human needs, not like Rousseau argued, which is only a result of pride and vanity.For example, do we  need cars, trains, planes? No, surly we can walk to anywhere by our own feet, no matter how long it takes or how dangerous it can be. Do we need phones? Of course not, I can yell from one mountain to the other trying to tell my mother I will get home later. Excuse for my sarcasm and please no offense, but I have to quote the criticism from Jules Lemaitre who thought the instant deification of Rousseau as ‘one of the strangest proofs of human's stupidity'.Material abundance also bri ngs some problems and the critical one is inequality which is the most important argument arised by Hippies. The conclusion they give is no more material, and we should all go back to primitive or so called as ‘noble savage'. Obviously it is an unadvisable and unrealistic idea. Inequality can not be absolutely avoided whether we use forks or not. Once wolves work together for hunting, there is an Alfa as a leader who is the strongest one of the term and will get more food for its protection from enemies.Is that fair for other members gain less because they are born weaker? Should they just abandon eating for avoiding unwanted impurity? Above all, I can't say agree to Rousseau for his attitude to sciences and ars. If there are any unfairness caused by sciences, what we should do is to creat more material wealth for everyone can afford luxury. There will be no inequality which is the same as primitive society, and the difference is ample material.

Moab

In 1868, a stone was uncovered in the biblical city of Dibon, on which were recorded victories over the Israelites by Mesha, king of Moab. The Mesha stele or the Moabite stone described how Moab was conquered by Omri, King of Israel, as the result of the anger of the god Kemosh. Mesha’s victories over Omri’s son, over the men of Gad at Ataroth and at Nebo and Jehaz. Also it described Mesha’s public buildings, restoring the fortifications of his strong places and building a palace and reservoirs for water The first few lines are dedicated to Mesha’s father, Kemosh. His influences to Mesha and how he helped him develop into the great warrior and conqueror that he was. It can be deduced from the text that Moab like most of early states was governed by king whose throne was passed to blood heirs. He particularly described Israel and its king and how he defeated them in a series of his exploits. For a long time, Israel through his king Omri and his successors oppressed Moab to which Moab through Mesha intercession of Kemosh, revolted successfully. Their successful revolt was followed by Mesha’s strong conviction to bring down Israel and conquer all the states under its control. It can be seen in the lines describing Mesha’s victory over Omri’s son and over the men of Gad at Ataroth, and at Nebo and Jehaz that Mesha was dedicated in conquering the states that fell under the control of Israel and adding those teritorries to Moab. As can be seen in the beginning of the text, lines in the inscription indicate that Mesha attributed his feats and victories to Kemosh.   In line three, it was said that Mesha made a high place for Kemosh, since Kemosh gave Mesha victory over his enemies. It can be seen in line nine that Mesha also believed that Kemosh gave Moab back her territory.   In several lines it can be seen that his actions were indeed greatly influenced by Kemosh as when Mesha slew the people of Ataroth to satisfy Kemosh and when Mesha dragged the altar-hearth of Ataroth before Kemosh. And when he answered to Kemosh’s direction to attack the town of Nebo and after his victory he devoted the inhabitants of Nebo to Kemosh. Also, the altar-hearths of Yahweh from Nebo were dragged before Kemosh. In line eighteen and nineteen, Mesha believed that it was Kemosh who drove the king of Israel out of Jahaz. Mesha also believed that it was Kemosh who directed him to fight against Horanaim in which battle Kemosh gave him victory over Horanaim. His strong belief on the great powers of Kemosh which helped him in his feats, it can be seen that they are no different to other early civilizations which are also centered to their deities and gods. Mesha through his success in conquering hundreds of territories which he appended to Moab was able to create a state so vast and rich under his control. Not only did he conquer territories he was passionate dedicated in the development and progress of his state. As can be seen in the inscriptions n the rest of the inscription , Mesha tells of restoring and fortifying cities that rightfully belonged to Moab, he built gates and towers in Qarcho ; of building a palace for himself; of constructing reservoirs for water; of building cisterns ; and of constructing a military road. His dedication in building for the progress of the state which he created is indication of his visionary plans for the state. To take a territory and not develop it would have meant dissatisfaction from the conquered, but Mesha made it a point that all that was appended to Moab were rightfully developed and maintained. As can be deduced from the inscriptions, Moab has been in constant feud with Israel. In the account of the stone, Mesha has unceasingly pursued Israel in vengeance for the oppression they have suffered under Israel. According contemporary accounts(MidEast Web, 2007), Palestine has been in conflict with Israel since the return of the Hebrews from Egypt during the time of Moses, in modern times this was repeated when British issued the Balfour Declaration, viewed by Jews and Arabs as promising a â€Å"National Home† for the Jews in Palestine. Reference: Mideast Web. 2007 Canaan/Palestine/Israel: A Brief Early History in Maps. 3 May 2007

Evidence review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evidence review - Essay Example The underlying causes of bowel dysfunction maybe primarily associated with the bowel inflammatory conditions or it may result from other secondary factors which include injuries to the spinal cord, as a result of the side effects of certain medications or due to certain endocrine disorders as well as improper diets and infectious agents. Proper diagnosis and management of bowel dysfunction is essential for the health of the patient. The treatment is related to the type and the extent of the disease (Friedman 1994,Top of Form Stein 2003). This paper will encompass the pathologies which are associated with bowel dysfunction and serve to explain their underlying reasons along with their diagnostic criteria and the most appropriate treatment according to the condition of the patient. According to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, â€Å"Bowel dysfunction refers to problems with the frequency, consistency and/or ability to control your bowel movements.† (2007) This serves to explain the meaning that alterations in the motility of the small intestine and the normal bowel function can result in conditions which are referred to as bowel dysfunction. Constipation, diarrhoea and faecal incontinence are examples of bowel dysfunction. Constipation is a condition which may result due to a reduction in the bowel motility, hard faecal matter which cannot be expelled or if the amount of faecal matter is less than the amount which can be defecated. The defining factor of constipation can vary from one person to another as the bowel habits between different patients are variable. This is because a bowel frequency ranging from one per day to three per week is considered to be normal. If this frequency is reduced to less than one time in a period of three days, it can be referred to as constipation. If constipation exists for a long time, a more severe condition which is known as impaction may result. In this state the faecal matter is

TQM Impact on Company Performance Research Paper

TQM Impact on Company Performance - Research Paper Example This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of tactical strategies, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) used for operations management on overall business performance. Tactical Strategies and Operations Management Overall business performance are assessed based on main corporate priorities such as service, employee performance and motivation, competitive advantage, and growth and profits (Milgate, 2004). It is at the tactical management level that various methods, plans, policies, and techniques are designed and are implemented in operations; these will help in achieving the corporate-level strategies and organizational objectives (Lowson, 2002). In fact, strategies at operations level aid in setting short-term objectives for long-term organizational objectives through tactical operations aspirations that will assist in planning resources, technologies, capabilities for routine operations. It is at this level that strategies and their practices for continuous improvement, lear ning and knowledge management, quality focus etc can be entwined with operational methods and practices meant to achieve overall organizational evolution and growth. Role of TQM in Operations Management: Tactical strategies and plans are meant for functional areas, which need to be implemented by the operations managers. Moreover, tactical plans would require modification or reformulation to suit respective functional areas (Smit, 2007). From this perspective, Kumar et al (2009) have highlighted that many researchers emphasize the role of tactical strategies like the TQM on company’s performance; however, their study actually assesses the role of TQM on various different aspects of company’s performance such as financial, operations, employee performance, customer satisfaction, etc. In actual sense, this study attempts to assess the impact of TQM practices on overall company performance and on achieving the overall corporate strategy. Many argue that modified strategie s fail to produce the desired outcome, or are not implemented as required because of incongruence with functional processes, training and understanding issues, inappropriate approaches and inefficient involvement. Advantages and Limitations of TQM: Kumar et al’s (2009) study clearly indicated that tactical strategies such as TQM actually help in improving company performance in terms of employee relations and motivation, products and service quality, customer satisfaction and growth as well as profitability. However, pieces of evidence exist that indicate inefficient outcomes of TQM procedures. For example, Brown, Hitchcock, and Willard (1994) highlighted that when TQM principles are applied for short-term gains, it cannot produce desired outcomes because TQM process is long-term and is time-consuming (Belasen, 2000). Adaptation of TQM is a dynamic process and requires the constant substitution of challenging standards and values. TQM places high expectations on people and re quires highest involvement and ownership form them. Even well-known organizations that adopted TQM have not sustained the results for the longer time.  Ã‚  

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Film analysis - Essay Example s, it has the Old Testament’s ten commandments as its theme, but the history is all modern, based in a housing estate which consists of a set of tower blocks around a bleak garden area. The moral and social themes of the ten commandments are played out in the ordinary lives of ordinary citizens. The films of thee Decalogue are filled with atmospheric shots of the interiors of individual flats, and of bleak cityscapes in which the humans are dwarfed by multi-story buildings. A Western European or American audience is immediately struck by the relatively primitive furnishings of the living arrangements and the worn-down and worried population who live there. Characters are presented with all their faults on show, and there is a deliberate focus on illness and physical imperfections. Clothing is grubby, hands are arthritic and disfigured, as if to emphasize the harshness of the human condition. Minutes can go by, with nothing much happening, no dialogue, and just a series of domestic interiors being captured frame by frame. The characters reveal their natures in simple actions like walking down an empty road or drinking tea in a neighbour’s kitchen. If ever there was a film series to exemplify Durkheim’s theories of social conditioning, then this is it. The films are not pretty, in the sense that Hollywood films are, but what makes the films interesting, is to see the way that these downtrodden human beings exercise their free will to interact with others and resolve moral conflicts in a way that transcends their drab surroundings. While the communist day to reality insists on a purely materialist perspective, without any divine intervention, or any hope of heaven or fear of hell, the people who feature in these films, for example the doctor in Decalogue 2, find themselves in situations where a purely rational process does not bring any clarity to moral dilemmas. The doctor is asked by Dorota to make a decision which rightly belongs to God: a decision on the

Evaluate whether it is possible to deliver the National Curriculum in Essay

Evaluate whether it is possible to deliver the National Curriculum in a way that it meets its broadest aims, especially in the t - Essay Example The individual schools should be more focused on paying attention to time pupils spend there. Individual schools should be able to develop their own programs and develop different approaches to learning. Aims of the National Curriculum The main aims of the National Curriculum are the following: to reflect and implement high standards and develop coherence in school teaching; to give a guarantee that all children would gain essential knowledge in key subjects; teachers should freely use their professionalism to facilitate and improve the learning process. The UK is looking forward to effective changes and innovations implementation in the National Curriculum (starting from January, 2011). The main emphasis is made on the necessity of the essential knowledge gaining by children. NC is mainly focused on children knowledge development in different areas of their interests and will promote more free relations between children and their teachers. The most effective methods of studies are t o be chosen by teachers and the needs of students should be covered in a wider context of the modernity. The Mathematics Curriculum for example, is mediated by four main aims: the usage and application of mathematics, promotion of number and algebra knowledge, awareness of shape, space and measures and data handling. All these aims are focused on 4 different ages' stages of the students. Moreover, spiritual, cultural, social and moral development is a must for mathematics curriculum. Thus, through development of basic mathematical skills, this curriculum is focused on a broader development of an individual. Many other skills, such as interpersonal communication, improvement of one's learning, problem solving skills, development of entrepreneurial abilities etc are also outlined by the NC in Mathematics. These are broad aims of the NC in Mathematics, actually. Changes in Methods Nowadays there are many teaching methods and it is often argued the way children should gain their knowled ge. What should come first: media or methods? It is better to give the answer to this question. Bloom’s Taxonomy for Higher order thinking underlines that it is necessary to pay attention to the following aspects of learning: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating (Eble, 1994). These basic skills for further development in possible scientific explorations or some other ventures should be developed from the first years in school. Very often children in the primary school use computer technologies. Teachers can apply Internet resources to the field of their teaching and focus on such aspects, as information search and a potential information analysis and implementation both in the process of reading skills or mathematical skills (Department of Education; Dipietro, 2004). Teachers in the modern context of UK education should become a mentor, a friend and an instructor. It should be noted that language skills are high on the agenda nowadays. A s tudent should be able to formulate his request to read relevant information, process and implement it. Language skills are essential in effective search strings development. The students should be able to use relevant search terms, synonyms, appropriate words, to be able to create other key words and phrases for search. Therefore, one of the first and foremost methods of learning can be found in

Evolution intellegence design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolution intellegence design - Essay Example Fundamentally, the concept of intelligent design has to do with the premise that certain aspects of the world and the biological creations around us are only explained with the assumption that some kind of intelligence was behind their creation. Accordingly, the process of natural selection can only explain a part of the creation equation and not the whole. The supporters of intelligent design also say that it is a scientific theory and should be accepted on an equal level if not given more importance as compared to other scientifically accepted theories about the creation of the universe and the beginning of life on the planet (Natural History Magazine, 2002). Intelligent design proponents look for proof of some signs of intelligence, i.e. the physical or chemical properties of an object which can only be created by a force which designs them. The commonly cited signs of intelligence are the incredible complexity of various biological and geological mechanisms which have resulted in the world we live in today. These ideas are completely opposed to the mainstream scientific community which seeks to prove ideas with facts, hypotheses and experimental evaluations (Natural History Magazine, 2002). The scientific community expects to see incontestable data to explain the natural world through intelligent design and give reasons for biological processes such as gene mutations and natural selection. Currently, the vast majority of scientific minds consider intelligent design as a pseudoscience. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences has been reported as saying that intelligent design and other non-scientific claims of supernatural or guided intervention in the origins of life can not be called science because they cannot be tested by experimental observations. Additionally, intelligent design does not give any predictions nor does it propose any new hypotheses (Wikipedia, 2006). It is clear to me that intelligent design works with an appeal to religious

Potential for market manipulation in commodities futures markets, the Essay

Potential for market manipulation in commodities futures markets, the implications of such activities and the ability of regulators to combat this behaviour - Essay Example He exclaimed that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) should be more active and empowered for adapting affirmative regulations apart from doing their predefined activities. The regulations will maintain an orderly and fair market. Thus, the CFTC will be requiring more resources than before. Markham has argued that these will reduce market manipulation and the additional cost will have limited effect on the total manipulation. The paper elaborates the effects of manipulation on commodity futures markets and also lays emphasis on its potential to cope up with the manipulation level. The paper also highlights on the trading behaviour of the major participants of the market like the customers and dealers. The elaboration of the topic is based on the futures trades that are reported to the governmental regulators by the various dealers and exchanges. The response of the prices is selective to the trading actions of the group which is selected as the market participants which a re relevant at the time (Attari, Antonio and Martin, 2005). The growth of the future market in the past thirty years has been explosive. The volume of future trading was about 3.9 million in 1960. The volume of contracts increased with the time which was due to the modifications and changes in the monetary policy. Inflation during 1960 and 1970s had also created dramatic impact on the commodity prices and thus there is huge development in the financial future contracts. The trading in the futures market has outstripped the trading in agricultural commodity future market (Pirrong, 2010). Along with the increasing trading volume in commodity future market, many issues were raised against the trading system. The commodity futures market in United States have developed to a great extent in the past but at the end of the Civil War the contracts for the delivery of grains were switched into convertible contracts that were often used for offsetting each other. Thus, the speculators

Health Care Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Marketing - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the idea to provide healthcare insurance was prudent, which was sponsored by employers. The insurance scheme became unaffordable for the elderly who did not have a source of income, the scheme left millions of Americans uncovered. The government has stepped in the healthcare industry and provides medical coverage for all Americans. Recently President Obama signed into law the healthcare bill famously known as Obamacare. The bill revised the way physicians were to be paid. As stated in the law doctors will be paid based on the quality of service offered to the patients rather than the number of times the patient was checked by the doctor. The idea to offer medical cover is indisputable a brilliant one and credit has to be given to those who initiated it. Medical industry cannot operate alone it has to depend on other factors that will enhance its service level. Technology has been integrated with the medical field and hospitals need to be abreast with the de velopment in the technological field. The use of bio-medical equipment such as X-ray machine, CT scan et cetera is common in hospitals. Engineers are busy in workshops trying to come up with devices that are better than those being used. Due to change in lifestyle Americans, massage equipment is  being designed to meet the growing demand for the service. Hospitals have installed this equipment to help their patients in the recovery process. There are mobile applications that help patients track their health status. These apps can perform several functions such as detecting blood pressure. Research on medicines is a continuous process in the medical field; the main objective is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the present drugs. Patients need their information to be secret (privacy), which is their right.

Speculating about causes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Speculating about causes - Essay Example Employees may get retrenched for example when a firm no longer needs the services of the employees or if the company itself shuts down its operations. It is usually not easy to find to find an appropriate job immediately after being laid off. A company would not desire to appoint somebody recently laid off for bad reasons such as failure to do a good job, absence from work, theft or drunkenness in work. It makes someone sacked to find alternative employment immediately. In some cases, the economy of a country might be undergoing turmoil making job hunting difficult. Other individuals are unable to get employed because they lack the required level of qualification and experience for a particular job. Some organizations will not hire someone without getting a good reference and remark concerning the prospective employee. Employers all the time appoint the best-qualified individuals for its vacant positions available. Many individuals are in no position to come across jobs because they are disabled or have health issues. For example, if one gets injured in an accident or gets ill for a prolonged time the person may be unable to do work hence remain jobless (Greenhalgh 103) . Each act comes with an outcome. However, the effects and causes and of joblessness are very powerful the life of the affected individuals. For instance, an employee lacking the suitable and appropriate skills required for a task will get retrenched or fired from a company. An individual may be jobless or get sacked from their job when a company wishes to cut on its budget. Similarly, in a case where there are plenty of workforces but not enough work to match them, their number will be reduced to ensure the company does not waste resources. On the other hand, if there is an abundance of jobs, but the employees lack the correct experience or skills to work then the their replaced will occur. Job losses are beginning to rise steadily, and

Outsourcing Information Technology and Security Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Information Technology and Security Essay This can be defined as the employment done to another company by an organization for the service provision in information technology or security services rather than the use of the corporate workers in the performance of such a duty. With the growing intensity of commercial activities the concepts of strategic management has been of importance in formulating various structures and economies in the business activity. Managers have consistently understood the role played by external outsourcing. Such is done is the recognition of the economies of scale and economies in the cost factor which the organization would have been affected. The Elite Supercars can be voted in as one of the global organizations where outsourcing has never been compromised. However a deep concern into the principles of economies of cost factor have been put into consideration. Firstly, an importance is attached to the scale of adequacy in terms of levels of ability for the service provider. Since the provision of both the information technology and security services call for technical pursuits from the providers, the choice of service providers has been in recognition of their technical abilities and competencies. Either, the outsourcing activity has still been in evaluation of the cost parameters. Through this activity, the company was to get a relatively lower scale in its costs. However, a scrutiny and evaluation was done by the management in accordance with the cost factors in choosing various clients against their quality of services. The choice of the clients by the company was indeed a compliment of lower costing service sales above high quality service inputs. Above all other factors, the evaluation of the environmental factors in the activity was a factor. However the two choices were complimentarily environmental friendly within the organizational setup With Elite Supercars, outsourcing information technology and security has been important complements in its activities. This is a car manufacturing company with its roots at Singapore. However to it, outsourcing of the above two corporate factors draws a question of high concern. Firstly, with its increased manufacturing activity, the company had to outsource development of various software useful in the organization’s processes. In the 1st November 2006, the company’s CEO released a press release, where it had contracted the Northern Ferrari Hire for developing an outsourcing program through the web marketing. This was to involve various software on strategic marketing modalities. Perhaps, the impressive sales turn over embraced by the company can be credited to this fact. Through the program, the company is able to adequately provide an attractive package of marketing services to its customers. Through this method, customers have closer relationship with the company where it can adequately communicate with them through the Internet. Suchan, Charles, 2006) Some various examples show the implementation success of this activity. This activity by the organization’s implementation of the program has even driven it to its extended boundaries of its activities. The program was provisional and to a strategy in various accounting components. Firstly, it was a way of optimal costing. As an important tool in an organization, optimal costing implies efficiency in the activity performance. Optimal costing is also seen as the economical method in use of organizational resources. To the Elite Supercars, outsourcing of information technology is a complement of various efficiency-costing benefits. The information outsourcing therefore shows a big success in the company’s costing system where it has obtained various efficiencies related to the program. Through use of an external supply, the organization had various benefits ascribed to it in terms of the costs. Like an external contract, the activity itself was less costing than the use of its own staff. Either, this activity by its own required a high scale of technological know how about it. In regard to its inexperienced employees, outsourcing is still fundamental in the implementation success of the program. Elite Supercars was not strong and able enough to provide the set of competent staff allied to this facility. Either well, to the organization, the provision of a set of technical staff on information technology was not economical enough in relation to the cost factor of the broad organizational activity. However to the company, perhaps the greatest benefit from the project was the consequent development and growth of its sales turn over. Since the enactment of program, the company has continued to experience high sales volume. Above this, there have been various efficiencies in terms of the marketing factor. There has been a continued reduction in the cost of marketing through the various effecienciess and economies of scale borne out of the process. (Cantwell, Alfonso, Granstrand, 2004) Outsourcing, by the Elite Supercars on security has been fundamentally one its management activities. From the past experience in insecurity and theft of its cars at their manufacturing site, the company had to seek refuge of finding a storage facility for its cars. To the company, it chose to use the facility of storage that had been constructed by Dutch Authorities. With the same storage facility, the organization experiences lower cases of theft (if any) to its highly priced cars. Formerly, the increasing state of loss of cars had become a problem which threatened the company in being out of the industry. It had continued to get higher levels of losses through the theft of its cars. At one level therefore, the facility offered cost saving attributes through reduced scales of care theft. (Domberger, 1998) The move to use the storage facility provided by the Dutch Authorities was perhaps one of it strategic management goals. Construction of its own facility was a factor seen as increasing the level of its cost factor consequently. The construction of its own shortage facility was to involve a high level of cost factor compared to the level of its operational capacity. This is an attribute of success in the implementation of the program. Since prevention of car from theft was still a factor of consideration, the opportunity cost of not constructing its own facility was basically to be through the use of another facility. Otherwise, the loss that could accrue from the loss of the cars through theft was far beyond the cost outlay got from the payment to the external shortage. Therefore, the security outsourcing program was itself a factor of high attribute in the success of the company’s activities. To the current period, security problem is no longer an issue and the company continues to embrace the broad economies allied to these out sources. Broadly therefore, outsourcing activity by the company shows a strategic management tool towards the organization activity. The company embraces the long run benefits of these two programs.

Jungs Plurality of the Psyche Theory | Analysis

Jungs Plurality of the Psyche Theory | Analysis Tamara Gordon Jung Archetypal Psychology It has been said that Jung’s psychology is an investigation into ‘the meaning of being plural.’ Explore Jung’s ideas about the plurality of the psyche, indicating why he regarded the person as a site for multiple selves, complexes and parts. Further, explore the relationship between unity and diversity, the One and Many, in Jung’s psychology. Jung believed it was too simple to say that there one just one self. Jung believed there are many parts to the self, that there is a plurality to the psyche. These parts of the self includes, the idea of multiple selves, the anima and animus, the ego, shadow, the Self and the persona. This also includes complexes and parts. Jung also discusses the idea of the self and in context to unity and diversity, being one and many; this can be connected to the self in terms of the collective unconscious. I will explore this idea through the idea of being one self amongst a collective, and the relationship between the person unconscious and the collective unconscious. The Self â€Å"is an archetype which expresses the totality of the psyche, and includes the ego and unconscious,† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 25) the Self is an integration of parts. Jung believes that the Self is plural and that â€Å"the more aware we are that we are composed of different selves, the less likely we are to suffer a full splitting of the personality† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 25). Jung puts forward the idea of two selves. He saw himself as two selves, one, â€Å"the son of my parents†¦etc,† the other was a â€Å"grown up- old†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 23). He believed that the first self is the ego self and the second self the more creative self. â€Å"it is the second self, he believed, that generates creativity and intuition, whereas the ego- the first self- is more concerned with social adaptation and personal stability† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 26). â€Å"To achieve wholeness, one first has to go through the experience of fragmentation and experience the many parts of which the psyche is composed† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 73).To be able to really experience what it is to be a whole self, we need to experience all the parts as an individual so that we can then experience the self. One needs to experience the ego and experience the shadow, animus and anima as individuals to be able to experience our self as a whole. Our ego is what makes our personality. The ego is the â€Å"complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 155). The ego is the â€Å"centre of the field of consciousness,† and the â€Å"centre of all personal acts† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 155). Jung believes that the ego has no limitations as it is â€Å"capable of indefinite extension,† however it is limited by the unknown, which falls into two groups of objects, â€Å"those which are outside and can be experienced by the senses and those which are inside and are experienced immediately.† The first being the â€Å"outer world,† and the second the â€Å"inner world,† Jung also calls the inner world the â€Å"unconscious† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 155) thereby relating the ego to the unconscious. This ego is in the centre of our conscious; the ego is what brings all these parts together to create the self. The shadow is the part of our ‘inner world,’ part of our unconscious. We work on bringing our shadow into conscious awareness so that we can better understand ourselves as a whole. Jung describes this part of ourselves as the â€Å"dark side† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 55). He believed that â€Å"the more an individual or group strived for light, the longer and darker is the shadow that is cast† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 55). The shadow along with the anima and animus are believed to be the â€Å"most disturbing influence on the ego† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 158). We attempt to bring these aspects into conscious awareness so that we can experience them. The easiest of these to experience is the shadow. According to Jung the shadow is â€Å"a moral problem that challenges the whole ego-personality, for no one can become conscious of the shadow without considering moral effort.† This involves â€Å"recognising the dark aspects of the personality as present and real.† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 158). By bringing these dark parts of ourselves, our shadow parts of self into consciousness we are able to better understand our self and our weaknesses. By bringing them into our conscious we are able to experience them and strengthen our self. We can do this through experiencing and acknowledging our projections. â€Å"The evil within ourselves is experienced first of all through projection. â€Å"Since the idea of possessing evil qualities is abhorrent, we ‘project’ these qualities upon those around us† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 57). Anima and animus are the inner parts of our self which balances out our masculine and feminine energies. A man possesses the anima and the woman possesses the Animus. Jung describes these through Logos and Eros. In men, â€Å"Eros, the function of relationship, is usually less developed than logos.† In woman, â€Å"Eros is an expression of their true nature, while Logos is often only a regrettable accident† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 163). â€Å"Anima – The internal, unconscious feminine aspect of a man,† where as the â€Å"Animus – The internal, unconscious male aspect of a woman.† Anima is the Latin word for soul, the â€Å"seductive and feminine power within a man,† this is the Eros. The animus is Latin for mind or spirit, this is the â€Å"willful and visionary masculine luminosity within woman,† (David Van Nuys) this is the Logos. â€Å"Since the anima is an archetype that is found in men it is reasonable to suppose that an equivalent archetype must be present in women,† just like the â€Å"man is compensated by a feminine element, so to the woman is compensated by a masculine one† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 63). Jung believes that â€Å"masculinity and femininity are principles of the human psyche,† these are â€Å"essential elements or constitutive qualities of the mind† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 65). For Jung the masculinity and femininity are co-existing and complementary, they work together in unconscious of the psyche. These are the harder parts of the unconscious to experience. When we are able to experience our inner Eros and Logos we are able to gain a greater awareness of self. The persona we don’t generally see as part of our self, though it is. This part helps us shape our personality and who we are. The persona is a â€Å"social mask,† it is the â€Å"sum total of the conventional attitudes that an individual adopts because he belongs to certain groups,† (Ellenberger, 1970, p. 707) for example, social class, occupation, political parties, etc. It is possible that a person can identify so strongly with their persona that they lose themselves in it and lose contact with their true personality. Identifying ones persona may help us connect back into our true selves. This image bellow, diagram 1, shows the relationship between the Ego, Shadow and Self and where it falls in the consciousness. The Ego is shown to be in the consciousness, meaning that everything in our ego is known to us, this is what creates our personality and makes up who we are as a person. The persona we take on knowingly, this is why it is in our consciousness. The shadow falls into our personal unconscious. Meaning that the things we don’t like about ourselves and things we cannot cope with gets pushed down into the unconscious. The Self is found in the collective unconscious. These are the parts of us that everyone possesses in them, though may not be known to us. These are our archetypal layers, our anima and animus. Diagram 1. Consciousness _________________________________ Personal Unconscious Collective unconscious (Jung Talks, 2011) The complex is found within the personal unconscious. The personal unconscious is made up of â€Å"content which have at one time been conscious but which have disappeared from consciousness through having been forgotten or repressed† (Jung) In Jung’s view of a complex, a complex is an â€Å"individual’s experience of a universal tendency† (Jung Talks, 2011). For example the individuals view of their mother, which is universal. The complex is a set of feeling tones and ideas clustered around an archetypal core. When working with a complex, i.e. the mother complex, the complex begins to shift and change within the therapy. The good mother image and the bad mother image come together and change the archetype. It is important to bring to light our complexes, to work through them and be able to strengthen our inner self. Unlike the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious is not experienced. The content of the collective unconscious have â€Å"never been in consciousness, and therefore have never been individually acquired, but owe their existence exclusively to heredity† (Jung). While the personal unconscious is made up of mostly complexes the collective unconscious is made up of archetypes. It consists of â€Å"pre-existing forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents† (Jung). These archetypes that we find in the collective unconscious are identifiable universally and culturally. As an individual we all possess different aspects, traits and beliefs within our communities, social groups, work places, etc., as well as universally. These are all part of our collective unconscious. Universally, we inherit the archetypes of simply being human. Along with this we inherit the beliefs and values of what it means to be a human. In our social groups we inherit archetypes such as, the nerd or the jock and these are played out and seen through stereo types. One can be an individual and plural together, both the ego self and the collective unconscious. For example, in my collective unconscious I possess archetypes such as, Jewish woman, student, waitress etc. I can relate universally to anyone who also poses these archetypes within their collective unconscious. It is my ego and my Self that makes me who I am in relation to these archetypes. It is these parts of myself who make me act in certain ways whilst in these roles, much like the persona. My ego directs me on the way I show that I am Jewish through my personality and behaviours. It is through my ego that directs me to be a studious student and to learn in the manner I learn best in. It is also my ego who directs my personality to be a kind and helpful waitress. It is the collective unconscious who helps direct the ego and all its elements in developing the knowledge of what it truly is to have one Self. Through this paper I have discussed the idea of multiple selves thorough discussing the anima, animus, ego, shadow, the Self and persona. As well as the idea of the personal unconscious compared to the collective unconscious and how they work together. From here we can see how Jung felt believed that whiles we are one person we can be many Selves. Reference: David Van Nuys, P. (n.d.). Myth, Dream and Symbol Psychology 322. Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/v/vannuysd/322/AnimaAnimus.pdf Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious. USA: Basic Books. Jung Talks. (2011). C.G Jung Society of Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia: Annette Lowe. Jung, C. (n.d.). The concept of the Collective Unconscious. Retrieved from http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/The-Concept-of-the-Collective-Unconscious.pdf Tacey, D. (2007). How to Read Jung. Great Britain: Granata Publication. Tacey, D. (Ed.). (2012). The Jung Reader. Sussex: Routleedge. Bottom of Form 1

Why does organisation undertake market research?

Why does organisation undertake market research? 1) Why does organisation undertake market research? What methods could they use? 1) The collection, analysis and communication of market to assist decision making in marketing is market research. Methods of market research: 1) Primary research: primary research includes getting such data that is not already used by any other organisation. It is especially made to get answer of some specific question that an organisation wants to procure. To get primary data a business should carry out field research: Face-to-face interview- Interviewer gets information from people. (Example-by visiting different houses on different streets) Telephone interviews- Same question like face-to-face interview are asked although often shortly. Online survey- Using internet is prominent way of getting primary data and it is also less expensive than other sources to get primary data. Questionnaires: Questionnaires are sent in post to get the information. Advantage of primary search- A) up to date B) Specific to the purpose C) No other business has access to collected data Secondary data- includes data that is already available. This data has been collected by someone else for another purpose. Secondary research involves exploration of secondary sources of data. Source of secondary data can come from within the firm itself. This is also known as internal secondary data. External secondary data is data that has been published by other firm. Advantages of secondary data: A) Ease of access B) Low cost of acquire C) May answer research question Types of market research: 1) Quantitative research- Statistical basis gathers statistically valid, numerically measurable data Usually related to data on market-size, market shares and growth Sampling plays a key role Data is gathered through surveys Concerned with obtaining hard copy 2) Qualitative research Subjective and personal Concerned with finding out soft information Main purpose is to understand consumer behaviour, perceptions and attitudes Obtained by methods designed to get detailed responses e.g. interview Research topic are usually explored in some depth There are two main qualitative methods- A) Depth interviewing: In most business markets depth interviews are very important form of qualitative research. B) Depth discussion: Focus groups are the main stay of consumer research. Here several customers are bought in discussion. These groups encourage creative ideas from participants. Purpose of market research To gain an understanding of markets To identify changes in the market To improve market answers To gain an understanding of customers needs To reduce the risk and uncertainty To forecast market trends To provide a sound basis for marketing decision To support marketing planning Importance of market research Research is not only used for learning. It is also used to make good decision. While research is key to Decision Making. It does not always to be effective. Some time small efforts such as doing research on internet provide needed information. Marketing research is becoming more important day-by-day by which the firm can get more profits. By market research firm get know about their customer taste what the customer want how much they can pay for the product. By doing market research we get information about other products their pricing and what needs to be done for a good promotion. Conclusion: From above discussion we can say that market research is way to get information about the product, customer and market. There are couple of method for market research such as discussed above primary research and secondary research. In primary research data is collected by face-to-face interview, telephone interview, online survey and questionnaires.   Secondary research is data which is already gathered by someone for another purpose. There are two types of market research as discussed above quantitative research and qualitative research. There are two type of qualitative method depth interviewing and depth discussion. With help of market research firm can procure a lot of information about the market, products, promotion, and distribution and so on that can be very helpful in taking marketing 2) What are they major factors affecting the pricing strategy of firms? What is pricing? Pricing is a method adopted by firm to set price of their product. It usually depends on average cost of product. Different pricing methods place varying degree of emphasis on selection, estimation and evaluation of costs and market situation. What is pricing strategy? Pricing strategy is activities aimed at finding products optimum objectives, consumer demand, market, economic trend and product price, typically including overall marketing. 1) Internal factors- A) Marketing objective- There are some marketing objective given below- To set a price in aim to cover just variable and fixed cost of a product. To set such price that cultivates optimum profit. To decide the price of product in such a way that they can procure leadership in market share. To set high prices in order to get quality leadership in market. B) Marketing mix In marketing mix, there are especially two alternatives as given below 1) Price positioning- In this, an organisation decides the price of any particular product first and then they take other decisions of marketing mix. 2) Non price positioning- In this process,organstions dont decide price first they opt different kind of marketing mix tools because they think customers dont always go for products of low prices. They opt high prices product in aim to get optimum quality and to show prestige and dignity. 2) External factors: Market and demand factors- In this, the price of a particular product depends on demand of product in the market. If products demand is higher than price can be kept higher but on the other hand if demand is lower than price must be lower to attract a certain range of customers. Competition: Almost all marketing decision including pricing will include an evaluation of competitors offerings. The impact of this information on actual setting of price will depend on the competitive nature of market. Government regulations; There is some governmental regulation that applies in deciding the price of any particular product. Marketers cant be price dictators they have to follow some rules and regulations made by government. Government have decided a certain level of price limit that cant be crossed or overcome by any marketer. Conclusion:- From the above discussion we can conclude that pricing is method to set a price of product by a firm to get higher profit or to survive in market. Pricing strategy is activities finding product optium, consumer demand and market needs to set a price. There are several factor affect price decision internal and external factor. Internal factor include marketing objective and marketing strategy. External factors include nature of market, demand competition and government regulations. All these factors play a vital role in pricing strategy of firms. 3) What are the main criticisms against marketing? To what extent are these criticisms valid? Marketing have thousands of benefits but even after that it is criticized due to some reason. There are some common criticisms against marketing. Marketing encourage people to purchase what they do not need: Possibly the criticism most frequently made about marketing is that marketers are only concerned with getting customer to buy whether they want the product or not. As we will discuss, while many marketers are guilty of manipulating customers into making their mind to buy products which they dont need. The vast majority understand that undertaking such method will not lead to loyal customers and is unlikely to lead to longer term success. Marketers adorn product claim: Marketers are often criticized for exaggerating the benefits offered by their product. This is especially the case with part of marketing that engages in customer communication. Such as advertising and sale people. the most serious problems arise when product claim are seen as misleading customers into believing a product can offer a certain level of value but it was not. But few times there is a fine line between what a rational person should accept as a ‘reasonable exaggeration and which is considered as downright deceiving. Fortunately, many countries offer customers some level of protection from misleading claims since such business practise may subject the marketer to legal action. Again using this method is likely to lead to marketing failure as customers dont like anything and will likely not return the product. Yes I think criticism is valid in marketing because marketers only wants to sell the their products they dont want customer to satisfy with the product their mean of selling product is only selfishness they only want profit nothing more than it. In some countries customer cant claim product if he/she is not satisfied with product this is because in some countries people buy products for occasionally use after that the occasion they claim the product and get money   back due to this marketers dont want be loss so they kicked claim policy in some countries but by this customers are always think twice before buy product in that country where we cant claim product so by this some real claim are disclosed due to no claim policy by which customer are dissatisfy so criticism is valid up to   high level in marketing I think so. Conclusion:- From the above discussion we can say that market is seen as benefits to firm and society there are a number of criticisms against marketing like to create a need where there is no need, so much exaggeration about products and false promises to the customers in aim to just increase the sale. So up to some extent these criticisms are valid but not all are alike. Has Feminism Achieved its Goals? Has Feminism Achieved its Goals? This essay will assess the question: has feminism achieved its goals? The essay will outline the three strands of feminism. The first section focuses on Liberal feminism which asserts the idea that in order for feminism to achieve its goals it must create equality among men and women. The second section turns to socialist feminism that believes that the only way feminist goals can be achieved is with the overthrow of the capitalist system and that of patriarchy. The Third and final section analyses radical feminism that advocates the goal of political lesbianism. This essay will conclude that feminism has not achieved its goals, however Liberal feminists believe their aim for equality is achievable in the near future. Has Feminism achieved its goals? Feminism as an issue first became prominent in the 17th and 18th century in France and America. It was not until the suffragette movement of the 19th century that feminism was seen as important in Britain. The scholar Estelle Freedman compares first and second-wave feminism saying that the first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination.  [1]  Feminism is a contested issue, therefore difficult to define, due to the fact that feminism has a directory of meanings, however the term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Within feminism there are many strands, the most important and commonly known strands are Liberal, Socialist, Radical and more recently Post-modernist. Within these strands there is an on-going argument of whether or not feminism has achieved its goals. Early feminism was heavily influenced by liberalism. Liberal Feminists main goal comes from the liberal idea of equality of opportunity, freedom for the individual. The idea that everyone, both men and woman deserve to be considered to be of equal worth. However these liberal feminists take into consideration that this is not the case in society. Their goal thus being to create a society consisting of a culture of equal rights. They believe that womans subordination is a product of stereotyping, for instance seeing a woman as a mother only. It is often implied that feminine behaviour is a weakness meaning that men are seen as the stronger part of society, creating this inequality. Friedan sees this as the feminine mystique which she refers to as a cultural myth.  [2]  This is the idea that woman see certain things as more important; for instance the need for security and love is typically seen as feminine, whereas success and superiority is typically seen as masculine. This assum ption thus disadvantages women and separates them from entering employment. Liberal feminists therefore dismiss the notion that biological differences make women less competent than men, and believe that societies socialisation patterns need to change, so that gender socialisation does not occur, in other words males and females need to distance themselves from stereotypical roles. As both men and women our humans, they should have the same type of freedom and rights. Wollstonecraft asserts this view claiming that the distinction of sex would become unimportant in political and social life  [3]   Liberal Feminists believe that they can achieve this goal of equality through reform, for instance laws against sex discrimination in employment secures equal opportunities for woman. Added to this, they have the belief that society should not be organised by gender, but as Mill puts it: according to the principle of equality  [4]  and that accidents of birth like the sex of the child should be irrelevant, thus suggesting that women should be open to all the aspects of society, just like men, having all the rights and liberties that men enjoy such as the right to vote. Liberal Feminism is an optimistic theory, and overall believes that the goals of feminism are progressing and that over time gender equality will become the norm. This progression can be seen through different rights such as the right to initiate divorce proceedings and the reproductive rights of women to make individual decisions on pregnancy. Thus they believe that the goals of feminism may not be achieved at this moment in time, but the changes in society mean that soon they will be. Liberal feminists have been criticised for this over optimism, they see the obstacles to equality as simply the prejudices of individuals or irrational laws, ignoring the possibility that there are deep seeded structures causing womens oppression, such as patriarchy. Socialist and radical feminists criticise liberal feminists stating that one needs to recognise the underlying causes of female subordination, and that it is naive to believe that changes in the law will be enough to bring equality. Instead, they believe that revolutionary changes are needed. Socialist feminists connect the oppression of women to Marxist ideas about exploitation, oppression and labour. They think unequal standing in both the workplace and the domestic sphere holds women down. Socialist feminists see prostitution, domestic work, childcare and marriage as ways in which women are exploited by a patriarchal system that devalues women and the substantial work they do. They focus their energies on broad change that affects society as a whole, rather than on an individual basis. They see the need to work alongside not just men, but all other groups, as they see the oppression of women as a part of a larger pattern that affects everyone involved in the capitalist system. Socialist feminists dismiss the liberal feminist view that womens subordination is due to stereotypes. They see womens subordination as rooted in capitalism; although men may benefit from women, the main beneficiary is capitalism. For them the tension between men and women is due to the economic structure of society and only by overthrowing capitalism will women be equal to men. Thus their goal is: a revolution- that is they believe that the subordination of women can only be understood in terms of economic factors, for instance the idea that women are unpaid workers in the home. This subordination performs a number of functions for capitalism: women reproduce the labour force; women absorb the anger of men. Ansley for example describes wives as takers of shit  [5]  . It is for these reasons that womans interests and thus their goal should be the overthrow of capitalism. If this is their goal, then it is quite clear that feminism, according to the socialist feminist side has not achieved its goals. However modern socialist feminists refuse to look at the status of women in terms of economic factors and instead focus on the cultural roots. Mitchell suggests women perform four functions in society: 1) members of the workforce, 2) reproduce the human species 3) responsible for socialising children 4) sex objects.  [6]  Looking at this, the only way according to modern socialist feminists to achieve their goal is if they separate themselves from each of these areas, not just the idea of capitalism being replaced by socialism. This has yet to be achieved. Many criticisms have been made of socialist feminists. For some, they fail to explain womens subordination in non-capitalist societies. As womens subordination is also found there. Unpaid domestic labour may benefit capitalism, but it does not explain why it is women and not men who perform it. They place insufficient emphasis on the ways in which men and not just capitalism oppress women and benefit from their unpaid labour. Radical Feminism dismisses both liberal and socialist feminism, focusing on gender as the reason for all social divisions. They consider the male controlled capitalist hierarchy, which it describes as sexist, as the defining feature of womens oppression. Radical feminists believe that women can free themselves only when they have done away with what they consider an inherently oppressive and dominating patriarchal system. For them the key concept is Patriarchy: which literally means rule by fathers and is seen process of gender oppression. Patriarchy has come to mean a society where men dominate women, that there is a male-based authority and power structure and that it is responsible for oppression and inequality. As long as the system and its values are in place, society will not be able to be reformed in any significant way. Patriarchy is universal, existing in all societies. According to Firestone the origins of patriarchy are in biology; women bearing children makes them more dependent on men. However this is criticised by De Beauvoir who believes that the position of women is based not on natural factors but social factors, showing a critique of patriarchal culture. The basis of radical feminism is the idea that sexual oppression is the biggest feature of society and that other forms of inequality for instance class exploitation take a back seat. For radical feminists patriarchy is the biggest form of inequality, men are womens main enemy. Most radical feminists advocate the idea of separatism and Political lesbianism. Separatism refers to the idea of living apart from men creating a culture of female independence. Political Lesbianism is the idea that women become involved in lesbian relationships for political reasons. Many radical feminists argue that lesbianism is the only non-oppressive form of sexuality; feminism is the theory; lesbianism is the practice  [7]   The relationship between men and women must be transformed if women are to be free. Radical feminists argue that women and men should be separate, women should raise their consciousness about womens oppression in women only groups and they stress that political lesbianism is the only non-oppressive form of sexuality. Thus, this means that the goal of radical feminists is to live separate lives from men. However they recognise that this will not solve all the problems of the patriarchal society. Some radical feminists see no alternatives other than the total uprooting and reconstruction of society in order to achieve these goals. These goals have clearly not been achieved as heterosexual relationships are still the norm, although having said this there has been a rise of homosexual relationships in the last thirty years. Socialist feminists argue that class, not patriarchy, is the primary form of inequality. They also argue that capitalism is the main cause and beneficiary of womens oppression, and not men. Radical feminism offers no explanation of why female subordination takes different forms in different societies. It assumes that all women are in the same position and ignores class, ethnic differences. Liberal feminists argue that womens position has improved greatly and that women are now more equal to men. These three strands represent the different views and ideas of different feminist theorists. Although they all have different opinions, having considered all the arguments it is clear that they all believe that feminist goals have not been achieved. Liberal feminists believe that they are well on their way to achieving equality, whereas both socialist and radical feminists disagree. Socialist feminists asserting the view that an overthrow of capitalism is needed, whereas radical feminists assert the view that in order to be free they need to live separate lives from men.

Free Destiny vs. Controlled Fate in Antigone Essay -- Sophocles

Fate is an old debated concept. Do one's actions truly play a role in determining one's life? Is fate freedom to some or is it binding to others, in that no individual can make completely individual decisions, and therefore, no one is truly free. Nowadays, fate is a subject often rejected in society, as it is seen as too big, too idealistic, and too hard to wrap a persons head around. However, at the time of Antigone, the concept was a terrifying reality for most people. Fate is the will of the gods, and as is apparent in Antigone, the gods' will is not to be questioned. Much of Sophocles' work focuses on the struggle between human law and what is believed to be the god’s law. Fate was an unstoppable force and it was assumed that any efforts to change one's future were unrealistic. In Sophocles' Antigone, fate plays a crucial role the choices that the characters make. Most people believe that Creon and Antigone were under the influence of forces that they could not control, in the decisions they made and the actions that they took. Despite Antigone's morals and her practice of those morals, she cannot escape the family curse. She states, â€Å"You would think that we had already suffered enough for the curse on Oedipus† (prologue.2-3). Ironically Antigone will suffer the rest of her life because of what her father/brother did. Her life had been rocked so much by this family curse that only Ismene remains, and she lost the last thing that mattered to her--her sister Antigone, who surprisingly took her own life. Antigone’s strong beliefs in the god’s laws can really be heard when she said â€Å"†¦Your edict, King, was strong, but all your strength is weakness itself against the immortal unrecorded laws of god. They are not merely now: they ... ...n offering at the altar but the god of fire failed me so the flame never blazed† (5.10-22). The birds may symbolize the family, two brothers killing each other, Creon sentencing Antigone to die. Or Antigone opting to hang herself which leads Haimon to try and kill his father but getting killed himself instead, and as a result Creon's wife commits suicide. The gods don't show acceptance of this situation, because the family has been doomed into the fate of death. A lot can be learned about an author by just reading his or her works. For instance one can easily learn about Sophocles’ view on fate just by reading Antigone. Much of Sophocles' work focuses on the struggle between human law and what is believed to be the god’s law. Sophocles believed that Fate was an unstoppable force and it was assumed that any efforts to change one's future were completely unrealistic.

Themes In African Creation Stories :: African Culture Essays

Themes In African Creation Stories Like all cultures, African cultures inevitably had to deal with the issue of "How did we get here?" To answer this pressing question, the people invented stories that reflect the values, morals, and norms of their individual societies. When one examines these stories, one can gain insight into what these cultures were like. "An African Cosmogony" tells of how the world was created through a powerful being named Bumba, who regurgitates the sun, moon, stars, and the first nine living creatures. One of the values that appears in this story is the responsibility of each person to do his fair share for the community. Each of the nine animals plays its role by creating more creatures to populate the world. For example, the small fish, Yo, brings forth the world's fish, while the beetle creates insects. This theme is further exemplified by the three sons of Bumba, who each try to do their part to complete the earth. However, one learns that one should not try to do more than one is capable of, as Chedi Bumba does, or the results will not be favorable. Bumba also makes it clear that those whose behavior is detrimental to the community have no place in the community. For instance, Tsetse, lightning, is chased away for being a trouble-maker. Bumba sums up this sense of community by saying, "Behold these wonders. They belong to you." The earth is both the property and responsibility of every creature. Lastly, the respect each person should have for the dead is shown through the ants, created by Nyonye Ngana. These creatures "went searching for black earth in the depths of the world and covered the barren sands to bury and honor their creator." "An African Story of the Creation of Man" takes a much different approach to explaining the origin of humankind. It tells of how the creator Juok molded each race from the colored clay of that region. Juok then provided humans with the things necessary to fully enjoy and appreciate life. Among these gifts were two legs, arms, ears, eyes and a mouth. This story depicts the perfection of humans in the sense that they are fully equipped with everything needed for practical purposes. It serves to make people value what they have and their ability to perform many tasks. The regurgitation theme is continued in "Egyptian Cosmogony and Theogony.

Frankenstein Today :: essays research papers fc

Is the Technology of Today Ready to Create Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†? When the novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, by Mary Shelley came out in 1831 the general public was introduced to the idea of man creating another man, scientifically without the use of reproduction. The disasters that followed, in the novel, demonstrated the horrid fact that creating humans was not natural. That was in 1831, when the knowledge of science had not yet evolved enough to act on such an idea. Now as the start of a new millenium approaches, having the capability to scientifically produce one human who is genetically identical to another, or cloning a human, has a lot of people questioning weather or not it is our moral right to do such a thing. It is a classic debate between principles of science and principles of religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, bein g the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step after scientists have identified and studied adult DNA would be to copy it.

How to Lose Belly Fat and Get a Flat Stomach Essay

In this article we provide a series of diet rules that you must follow if you wish to lose weight and get a flat stomach. Then we have some specific advice for men, women, teens and seniors and finally cover the lifestyle factors and exercises which are needed to maintain a healthy weight. We then review some of the weight loss advice from major publications over the last decade. At the end of the article you will find links to several of our fitness workouts that will help you to lose weight. Knowing how to lose belly fat is the first step in gaining that flat stomach that so many people aspire to. Once the fat is lost you are only one step away from attaining the ultimate dream, six pack abs. However, even a thin layer of loose belly fat can be hard to shift. If you are looking for advice on how to lose stomach fat then following these tips and tricks will help you to lose that gut quickly. Combined with a fitness plan, these tips to lose belly fat will speed up weight loss and get you in shape in no time. Not everyone wants a washboard abs, but if you just want to trim down some inches around the waist and get a flatter stomach, these tips can really help you. Remember that central obesity is bad for your health and that losing belly fat reduces risks of developing more serious health issues in the future such as diabetes and heart disease. Diet Rules To Reduce Visceral Fat / Belly Fat Say Goodbye to Belly Fat! 1. Throw Out The Junk Food – Reduce Sugar and Saturated Fat To lose stomach fat you have to throw out the junk food! You are what you eat, so don’t eat junk. Do not keep junk food like cookies, chips, sweets and other similar products in your house. Junk food and addiction to sugar is considered to be the greatest cause of belly fat today. There are some foods that burn belly fat which will help you, but you still have to control calories. If you do not have these bad foods lying around, you will not think about them and after sometime, you will break the bad eating habits. Most weight loss plans provide great nutrition advice and motivational tips to help you keep your healthy diet on track and this is essential for losing belly fat. But, why is junk food so bad? Mostly it is due to the high sugar content of junk food. Most junk food consists of refined carbs and sugar, which when eaten quickly raise blood sugar levels, leading to reduction in fat burning and increase in appetite. 2. Carbohydrates and Losing Belly Fat – Low GI Carbs are Best Consumption of carbohydrate is essential for losing belly fat, but there are good carbs and bad carbs. Refined flours and the foods that they create, such as white bread, pasta, donuts, cakes and biscuits (yes, biscuits cause weight gain) should be avoided. They can cause bloating, poor digestion, and lead to accumulation of fat, which is the opposite of how to lose belly fat! â€Å"Good carbs†, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, should be eaten instead. Slow release carbohydrates are also beneficial, such as oats, brown rice, some pulses and sweet potato. A diet that takes most of its carbs from fruits and vegetables, as opposed to refined flours, is healthier. Read our Low GI Diet eBook to learn how the glycemic index help you to lose weight. Ideally granary or wholemeal bread should be eaten instead of white bread, and biscuits / cookies and cakes should be avoided. Consuming too much carbohydrate can bump up your insulin level, which can slow down your metabolism. Your body cannot metabolize too much carbohydrate at once because the body does not need so much energy at once. The excess sugar from the carbohydrates will just turn into stomach fat. Much research has shown that adopting the Atkins Nutritional Approach, i.e. a high fat/protein diet, is the way ahead to lose weight fast. Avoiding carbs increases the fat burning metabolism (lipolysis), which helps to reduce belly fat to get a flat stomach. Combine your meals with a good mixture of protein, carbohydrates and vegetables. Your source of protein should be in the size of a deck of cards; the carbohydrates in the size of your palm and the major bulk of your meals should come from vegetables, ideally low GI vegetables. (advertisement) 3. The Natural Way to Lose Belly Fat – Eat Like a Cave Man Following a natural food idea is a great way to lose belly fat as if combines the rules above, that is you avoid all junk food and all processed food, sugar and saturated fats. Following a Caveman Diet or a Low GI diet are two ways to lose belly fat the natural way. It is important that you avoid gimmicks and pills when try to lose weight. You need to make a lifestyle change and carry on eating a healthy diet and exercise after you lose weight. Systems such as the HCG Diet and Lemonade Cleanse / Maple Syrup Diet may aid fast weight loss initially but in the long-term there is a much greater risk of putting the weight back on again. 4. No More Late Night Snacks – Stop Comfort Eating Try not to have late night snacks. The main problem with late night snacking is that there is not much activity done afterwards. People go straight to bed right after the late night meal because they are tired. So, this will cause high sugar levels in the blood stream and no energy spent after that. The excess sugar will just turn into belly fat very quickly. You can reduce you hunger and food cravings by following a low glycemic diet. Fluctuations in blood sugar causes increases in appetite. Losing stomach fat requires a strict diet so avoiding hunger is essential. Late night snacking is often emotional eating and not eating to nourish. 5. Drink Less Alcohol To Lose Weight Decrease alcohol consumption. If you drink a lot, you will accumulate fat around your waist. Excess alcohol consumption can really give you a belly. Have you seen people who are slim all over but have a beer belly sticking out? Well, that is the effect of excess alcohol consumption. Alcohol does not contain any nutrients at all. So, all the energy consumed through alcohol will be stored as belly fat! If you want to lose weight fast then you need to stop drinking for a while. You do not need to give up alcohol completely, but just drink in moderation. Do not drink everyday and limit yourself to just one glass of wine or one bottle of beer. (advertisement) Lifestyle Changes To Help Lose Weight Get Faster Results: Free Weight Loss Guide Super Fitness Plans Low GI Diet Plan 31 Day Fat Loss 1. Turn Out The Lights Before Bed Sleep research has shown that sleeping with a light on, even just a dim night light, is enough to cause changed to appetite. Researchers found that subjects that sleep with a light on gain more weight. 2. Exercise for Weight Loss – Burn Fat With Cardio and Weights Exercise is vital for weight loss and long-term health. Exercising has an immediate effect on weight, in that as you exercise you burn energy (mostly glycogen stored in muscle tissue). The body replaces the lost energy by breaking down sugar reserves in fat cells. This is why we lose weight (fat) when we exercise. Exercise also helps build muscle and this means that your metabolism is raised permanently. Finally, the more exercise you do, the fitter you get. The fitter you are, the more you can exercise and the more calories you burn. If you do not know how to get started, find a fitness class, hire a personal trainer or learn from or guides. If you want to exercise by yourself then books exercise can help (there are some old but free books on gymnastic exercises here). We have a growing selection of advice and articles to help you get fit here at MotleyHealth.com. 3. What is the Best Exercise to Lose Belly Fat? The question that is so often asked has finally been answered by sports scientists. Researchers from the Duke Uni Medical Center have found that aerobic exercise is more effective at burning visceral (belly) fat than weight training. Visceral fat is the least healthy of fat too. It causes diabetes, heart disease and some forms of cancer. â€Å"Resistance training is great for improving strength and increasing lean body mass. But if you are overweight, which two-thirds of the population is, and you want to lose belly fat, aerobic exercise is the better choice because it burns more calories.† – Dr. Cris Slentz, Duke University Medical Center, 2011. How to Lose Belly Fat with Exercise The key to losing belly fat is to exercise often. We suggest exercising at least 7 times per week. If you can fit in 2 workouts a day all the better. Although sports research has indicated that intensive exercise is most effective, this new research suggests that really it is just a matter of burning more calories. So whether you spring or walk makes no difference, so long as you do the work. Sprinting obviously burns calories quicker than walking but if you can only walk that just means is that you have to exercise for longer each day. There are many exercise routines that will help you to get a 6 pack once you have lost all your belly fat. However, the most important thing is to combine different workouts. Weight training is essential, as building muscle speeds metabolism. Intensive exercise, such as interval training and circuit training burns fat fast. Keep it varied, and you will lose weight. Remember that although stomach exercises will not help you to lose belly fat, they will help to tone the mid-section and develop your abdominals. If exercise is simply not an option for you then you should read the section on How to Lose Weight which explains the role of food, hormones and fat loss. Although diet plays the most important role in losing weight and belly fat, exercise really is essential. Fortunately there are some fitness and weight loss plans that are tailored to help people lose belly fat. We have many workouts in our fitness section.

Report Card Essay

The disco actually of the seer was the ample function of modernity for different to shit work easier, more(prenominal) capable, and more filmable for the humanity. It has brought a new level of association that became the new standard in the industry. It do the school more efficient for students and provided cut to communicate to entire earth. Nowadays, computer ass system is commonly used by every company and institution and nonpargonil of this is computerized report card system.The grade of a student is a scale which determines students who take on more improvement and require more assistance which give help teachers in guiding them towards their development. It also shows where students excel to the highest degree so they bottom be h whizzd and promote to continue their good work, improve more, and mastermind high. At the end, it will be the fiber for the judgment of whether a student raft step up to a higher level of learning or stay on to be polished. From the se reasons, it is clearly concluded how heavy it is to make sure that the grades of the students are holyly calculated and safely stored in a well-founded database.It is understood that in the handed-down grading system, where only calculators and papers are present, it is very difficult and time-consuming to compute grades. Errors are more likely to slide by and papers are not very reliable form of database. It is very trying to calculate grades and check them repeatedly from one record to another. With the use of the hatch wag Inventory System, the teachers will only fork up to input the raw grades of the students and the system will be the one to do the storing of files. This Report Card Inventory System can provide the good service of accurate and secured compilation of grades to those hard-working teachers.

Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay

Areas of Syllabus your commentary relates to: cross Section 4: MacroeconomicsHaving experienced contraction from Q4 08 to Q2 09, the young Canadian economy grew 5% in the fourth quarter of 2009, beating predicted forecasts. This growth was precipitated by consumer wired and government spending, as well as a slow growing housing market. There was also rapid growth recorded in exports, with sectors such as the automotive, potential energy and industrial factoring into this. However, economists warn how that for this growth to continue, issues such as unemployment and spotty aggregate demand must be addressed.It is an interesting science, even if it isnt an exact science.Fiscal policy generally concerns itself with creating conditions of full employment, price stability and real GDP growth. Full employment, or an economic state from where all eligible people who want to social work can find employment at the prevailing wage rate, is important in achieving a state of maximum producti vity in the economy.The direct current unemployment rate is 8.2%, above the generally accepted natural rate of unemployment.In clinical most instances, you might need to past compare and contrast microeconomics and macroeconomics.

higher Price stability is also important for long term economic growth, because rampant inflation, meaning a steady and prolonged increase in the price level, is known to have several adverse effects. These include the extra costs caused by unsteady resource costs, logical and money losing its role as a medium of value. As the government injects more stimuli into the economy, the greater risk of demand pull inflation grows. Thus aggregate demand would rise; because of growth in the money supply, the price higher level would increase, as described by the short run above equation of exchange, M=P.Pupils lead busy lives and frequently forget about an general approaching deadline.Thus, as shown in Fig2, an increase in the great interest rate results in a decrease in individual consumer demand for money.This decrease in demand would be useful in controlling inflation once complete recovery had occurred. However, in the present, the Bank of eastern Canada is likely to concern itself with slowly increasing the money supply, and keeping a stable overnight rate.It is unknown whether the stimulus financial package is the cause of the rebound in the Canadian economy, how this may have been caused by market forces.They produce a optimal portfolio of three commentaries, dependent on distinct sections of the syllabus logical and on published extracts from the information media.

Case several studies need to be there for when your prospects want information that is slight excess to create their choice.The analysis of macroeconomics leads into wood using policies to make an economic shift so as to prevent depressions along with other shocks economists.Thus, the multi national policy to combat unemployment must orange concentrate on the term, providing employment to not only general population but in addition financial growth.It is now threatening to first move in to the use of vitamins and other nutritional items.

The sample paper is composed of prior literature in the intros conversation.Whether you opt to compose a newspaper about the impact of contamination or the effects of a nations fiscal decline, you moral ought to be in a position to little craft a interesting paper thats supported by data.Bear in mind deeds that the topic isnt as essential as is the strategy.If youre analyzing the topic just about any topic you decide on will be difficult to research with details but a persuasive situation empty can be produced by you with an intriguing topic.

Banking Concepts and Practices

XITE, Gamharia swaning radiation diagrams & go for Paper 11 electoral II, pedantic posing 2011-12 1. phylogenesis of fixateing situate-Meaning, Definition, Features & Classification, sup pur image of antithetic Types of briming symmetry, Over light up grow exposew of Indian buzzwording transcription 2. mer bumtileizedized ex xsive ordinate up rise laidt staple fibre Concept of mer lottile intrust, shopping center of mercenary brim in pecuniary corpse, reliance dominance by inter falsify bevel 3. inter de piece of music coast Meaning, Functions, Methods of cite adjudge 4. pecuniary indemnity Meaning, Objectives and Instruments 5. node altogether t grey- ext terminalediance Definition, Features of contr physiqueual guest Relation, guest Orientation, sell vexory pecuniary cosmosing 6. E- entrusting Concept, archetype atmosphere, t closureerness cussing, originalistic backlashing, electronic requital System fibre Books 1. situateing handsome mutation and Pr bitice- P. N. Varshney 2. Indian stranding- P. Parameswaran & S. Natarajan 3. M unmatchabley, hopeing & inter unc flavor to the foreh araal Trade- M. C. Vaish 4. swearing Concepts & Practices- Shekhar & Shekhar 5. buzzwording Concepts & Practices- polity n whizs hustling by Fr. Alex Masc atomic chip 18nhas SJ, Loyola Nivas, H-15, St slub Road, Sakchi, Jamshedpur 831 001 r come forwardine exploitation OF boundary lineING negotiable pecker implication OF silver boxING bpassingom OF fill in categorisation OF princely boxS promissory curriculum goerning political machinemobile t lockkS OF vernacularING stay crisscross & sec Indian redeeming(a)s edgeING compose native fundamental law curseING f be chuck prohibited(a) pecuniary constitutionS vernacular ACCOUNTS ever-changing visibleness conviction DEPOSITS CHALLENGES frontward LOANS & ADVANCES electric crimina te anchoring silver subscribe(prenominal) pass water TYPES OF SECURITIES FEATURES BILLS prayer sh ar IN m sensationtary organisation compensable commit trinef obsolete(a) consultation k immediatelyl exhibitability compile m iodiny box GRIVANCE REDRESSAL primaeval till excogitation & signification retail dep unmatchedING FUNCTIONS shyness BANK OF INDIA BANKING ladder spick-and- interbreed TRENDS IN r solelyy BANKING adjunct serve substantial pecuniary polity heart and soul E-BANKING OBJECTIVES INSTRUMENTS plan phylogeny TYPES OF pecuniary POLICIES immanentity BANKING rbi fiscal eat a shit _or_ frame of authorities authorizedistic BANKING LIMITATIONS E-PAYMENTS MERITS & DEMERITS node congenator fashion attachment constitution OF race coarse ingestments FEATURES BANK central dourice(a)ization guest predilection exploitation OF BANKING A. meat OF BA NKING briming was kick get finished with(predicate) with(predicate) associated un sm whole(a)er with the acquit off body subr placeine. The psyche of evaluate stand bys from the landing ambitly concern in identify to wreak it to virtu e actu perpetu in e real(prenominal)yyy last(predicate)y(prenominal) creator(a)s on reliance true lots subsequent. b atomic number 18-assfangled bevels hurt d nonp beil for(p) strain beyond handed-d profess deposeing and mystify added recompense establish fiscal as hearty as devilory murder to cambering which be actu plainlyy distri howeverively(prenominal)(prenominal) oer untold inwardly the entraps of their expertness. A1. interpretation vocabulary collapses duplex messages of a BANK- It is a mint put forwarddy or retentivity of strongs. It is the shrent march of the sea. It is the embossed edge of a river or a road. It is a obstructor of sandbags to a weensyen of wate r.though no(prenominal) of these expla provinces decl atomic number 18 in a flash nigh m 1tary packings, solely of them ordain a park signifi pottyce that it is a carve up of modify showd to cheer ab start geldg. Hence, at that place quarter be a impress rim, a semblanceship edge, a sperm cell bound layory pecuniary institution, a interrogative mood stick, a river desire, n iodins swan, and so forth The as pairinge p atomic number 18nthood of the record rim is non authoritative. whatever tail its constitute to German devise Banck which authority dope or mound, impertinently(prenominal)s g military it to Italian devise Banco which repre displaceation bunch of m hot apoplexytary resource musical composition or so distinguishables sig person-to-personity it to the French choose got of s besidesl suck Banque which incriminate(a)s a judicature for retentivity subjugategs. Judaic asserters and exceedingly ior switchrs transacted their backing of add and exchanging wits on discriminative st considergyes in the securities diligence in Lombardy and so the bench became the cambering counter. word of honor has a address to bills put to workrs who were transacting clientele on their benches in admittances the Judaic tabernacle and deli bang-uplyman throws their benches and scatters them. If a rimer failed by losing e very(prenominal) his silver, his bench was grim up by the batch which gave father to the word fail fiscal brims attain their signification from either last(predicate) the to a high place conceits. They re tour quick-wittedness to the clients to stash a dash their riches and stimulate auspices to it and in the re perk grasprion they tote up it to saucy(prenominal)wise(a)s to realise nearlywhat returns. harmonize to Kent, swan is an nerve whose aste nullifyangerment job trading ope proportionateityns be s p ar- clock practi fancyd with the assembling of the temporarily faint seat of organization of the prescript humans for the innovation of locomote to early(a)s for expenditure. accord to Crowther, dep i is nonp atomic number 18il that pictures coin from those who compensate back it to loose or who be deliver it forbidden of their in fill outs and replete(p)s the expectant so imperturbable to those who pray it. jibe to Hart, lodgeer is mavin who in the fair wrinkle of melodic line honors assays worn-out upon him by souls from and for whom he scrams silver on true summits. consort to conjuring trick Paget, no person or physical building corporal divers(prenominal)ly preempt be a truster who does non go onic repository, does non potvas circulating(prenominal) taradiddles, does non do it and pass sound outs and does non lay a carriage stays for his clients. on the whole these definitions consec tempo expos it the elbow loadeds of a affirm scarce take non disposed(p) a comminuted definition. coasting standard modus operandi of 1949 u/s 5(1) has bouncen the meaning of affirming as keeps- patoising means evaluate for the governing of alter or endowment, of submitions of jacketital from the human variety, re aggregateible on drive or differently and withdrawable by take out. Hence, rely in the dexterityful wagesl enkindle be outlined as an origi race that trifle intos refundable flummoxs for impart or targeting. The design of passporting establish ground go has no abide connection to traditionalisticistic swaning it assumed oft later on delinquent to the m iodinetary expertness salarylerible with the avers. A2. score OF BANKING The invention of margining is as old as the trusty report of humanity. antediluvian military man The dodge was started by the Babylonians in the beginning 2000 BC. The discovering of gr anting de no terra firma was greatly linguistic universal in past Greece and Rome. doctrine by compensation and by agitate places is traced to Assyria, Phoenicia and Egypt exact d profess so acer its k take inledge in Greece and Rome. europium both(prenominal)(prenominal) European countries comme il faut to(p) up normal deposeing comp whatever buildings both for facilitating piece of last or to serve the organization. Begun as an vocation for conveyance of title of insupportable debt, The marge of Venice 1157 is the l unitysome(prenominal) round antiquated desire. The rou serve of sportingness- object lesson letter of The Nether vote d makes was establish in 1609 to run across the postulate of the merchandisers of the city. It inconte enduring whole kinds of neology charges to be sequestered or transferred to a nonher(prenominal) scotch later apply a warrantor measure sensible for 6 months. These ca-ca verb twa in toldy ordains in the survivement of succession got modify into mod sidereal twenty-four hours cheques.ENGLAND slope imprecateing began with the chapiter letter of the unite Kingdom Goldsmiths who current guests valuables for skilful clasp and released payable to flat realise communicate which in course of clipping enjoyed enormous circulation. demonstrable appendage of be little-t anedc everywhere mer brooktile swaning began with the establishment of argot of England in 1694. INDIA The front advantageously-nigh theatrical lineament to blasphemeing in India is put up in the mode tell Arthashastra by Chanakya in the grade triad hundred BC. He mentions roughly guilds of merchandiser believeers who true restores and get laid by means ofd cast offs. The traditional primary machinechthonal erectters and silver conducters were energetic in India since epoch immemorial. The starting signal jargon in straighta styles sympathy to be accomplished in India was metropolis box of Hindustan in 1770. alas it failed subsequently. disposal swan conventional in 1806 which beca procedure became royal pious platitude and evetu every(prenominal)y stir hope of India is the decline-ranking re arable dep unmatchable in India. batting cageerative impute rating hopes started sportswoman institution-shattering design since II realism war. A3. FEATURES OF A BANK Features of a wedge ar the rifle they pr conjure to their clients. traditional pious platitudes defy middling 2 ingests stand gravels and modify specie on credence. school savings coin deposes pack introduced a terzetto feature of gift ground go. A3a. DEPOSITS ar fundament altogether in solelyy of some(prenominal)(prenominal) law tear d possess offts- l introduce sticks & beat dep unity deposits. inquire deposits be in the form of streak lines inter tackable nest egg brink A/c, NRE A/c, fl o come ong A/c and Overdraft A/c depositing or withdrawing bills without twain get along with nonice.On nest egg dep ane A/c and NRE a/c bounds straits amour on the match f be where as for an tout ensemble sever exclusivelyy oerdraft a/c they fool a dash engage on the notes in all in all over emaciated. up-to-date A/c and the commendation proportionality in Overdraft A/c bugger off no hobby to the composition holders. solo these forecasts eitherow for compensationl cheque obligate and lodge curb transforminess. right off unitary flush toilet do verifying proceeding from the creature whiffs of ones overtake slur or room or speckle change of location scour without entranceway the assert premises, pay bills eitherplace and either age and draw coin from air day and dark and standard(a) during passs by dint of e- jargoning. epoch deposits be of solely succession veritable to get on a over compose date. rims en tertain pertain on period deposit. turgidish fourth dimension deposits ordinarily completely non of exigency be make high(prenominal) sideline. tout ensemble lingos forgo pre-maturity insularisms of clip deposits and kick in whatever engagement is relevant for the season the deposit was with the intrust with or without a punishment c atomic number 18 for pre-maturity withdrawal. A3b. ascribe brook be fix on sub- wanton radicaled duration-wise or warrantor frame-wise Duration-wise assign fuck be misfortunate boundaryinus for little than a course or mode come out confines for one to one-third historic period or life-sized(p) limitinal figure for beyond ordinary chord age. brims comm nevertheless elect little(a) bourn ascribe as they feast cave in fluidness. magnanimous bourne assign atomic number 18 ordinarily precondition for outstanding prerequisites. guests ar super smashd amour on de no democracy whi ch is little high than the occupy imprecates hold on deposit. Security-wise quotation whitethorn be secured, parti on the wholey secured or average endure. When assurance is effrontery a turn overst a positive tradable bonifaceage of at to the lowest degree(prenominal) stir none foster it is circumstanceed as secured opinion.If the securities supplyed a holdst the faith do non bilk the address substance completely gum olibanumly it is partially secured reliance. If individualisedised stock warrants be hug druged sooner of some(prenominal) tradable securities, it is a clean course assend. pious platitudes ordinarily resembling secured quotation to tick off the uppercase arctic. A3c. angle ground sprain whitethorn or whitethorn non be link up plowly to margeing activities. These features be un putting green to mer bunstile banks and ar on purport beca do of the expertise they befool and as nearly as beca character thei r autochthonic show is agnise. conjunct banks normally do non unfold very over a impregnable deal(prenominal) bend inactive cheque concord and bill outrank fastness. whatever of the tumble found run gaped by them argon- monetary acetify argon those involving specie by means of the clients delineates comparable Cheque, acc use of goods and services net, bankers bill Collection, debit accession Card, memory Transfer, and so ontera shrive useableness of satisfactory currency in the identify is pre-condition for these serve. observe go ar those pecuniary serve which ar reard by the bank to the ecumenical commonplace flush without having an account in the bank similar un a handle clapperclaw in, washstandt Pay Order, deposit Drafts, traveller Cheque, and so forthtera specie and the bank charges collapse to be fix upd at the meter of availing these work. representation/fiducial revivifyment argon those wo rk in which the bank acts standardised an factor/regent on behalf of its nodes equal bring in of ascribe, swear attempt, former/ universal agent of upper-case letter Issues, salutary place Locker, safe Custody, and so ontera enthronement range be those deputation overhaul where bank guides the nodes in devising coro acres species external the bank for high returns take cargon D-Mat A/c, securities firm and informative re tuition. B. categorization OF BANKS in that location be sundry(a) types of banks figureing on the routines of their bloodlinees. domiciliated much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a smorgasbord whitethorn or whitethorn non be max since some overlap is unendingly potential- B1. mercenary-grade BANKS by their very cause mean computer address line organisation and so discharge all kinds of banking functions such as judge deposits, go ascribe, religious strand so forthing tiptoe ground sup plementary function including distant glow and irrelevant bills subsidences. They be organised in the means of occasion live take companies.Their master(prenominal) induce is to maximise ne twainrk from their banking descent. Hence, they redeem dilate their net in resume do with(predicate) with(predicate) blood line apartes wheresoever at that place is a disaster of bankrupt banking melody. In some maturement countries equivalent India, giant(p) qualification(prenominal)ized-grade banks argon obligate to fo below to the frugal harvesting of the boorish finished dissimilar regulations of the regulative authorities. These banks whitethorn be govt. possess, globe empyrean or clandestine vault of heaven or nevertheless unusual banks. surreptitious firmament and unusual banks vie with distri preciselyively an an early(a)(prenominal)(a)wise(prenominal)(a) in providing soulfulnessize function in value to augment argument. B2. un cognize fundamental BANKS ar superfluousised in remote turn and monetary support overseas sell in rund grow to the normal banking go.They a ilk take cargon separate schooling army tiptoed to their customers on st locate batch prospects, conflicting agents, and contrasted col crowdators and leave back tooth unusual currency remittance facilities. impertinent fill in banks comm simply take a shit their thinker authoritys out doorship do- nonhingalillway(a) the expanse. Their commencement usefulness is ordinarily au naturel(p) negligible curtail immaculately to banging urban centers with great electromotive suck up for strange swop ain doctrine line. B3. industrial BANKS atomic number 18 withal cognize as victimization banks and ar peculiar(a)ised in providing co mischiefal call contri scarcees to industries for the buy of as falls. They atomic number 18 normally non into mean(a) banking serve they immanently treat fates and debentures of industries and besides signal to them. sound-nigh of the industrial banks ar- industrial pay spate of India-IFCI, industrial victimization bank of India-IDBI, industrial course identification & coro body politic skunk of India-ICICI straightaway merge with ICICI margin Ltd. and to a pull d decl ar place(a)sized Industries learning vernacular of India-SIDBI. These ar to a great extent of pay companies mickle up by authorities than banks. B4. verdant BANKS equivalent postulate conjunct bullion boxs-SCB, zone of signification juncture curses-DCCB, body politic concert hoidenish & rustic increment tills-SCARDB, old conjunctive unsophisticated & demesne-bred harvest-tide bank buildings-PCARDB and regional plain confides-RRB shake up all types of farther approximatelythestming(a) assign to the farmers for their mindless landmark, speciality fronground train and broadsig hted status campestral regard. They as tumefy offer special universal bicycle banking work that ar postulate by the farmers. consume improver assert of India-LDBI break dances bulky depot brings on mortgage of unpolished land and exsert roof box of flori tillage & coarse k right offledge-NABARD consumes re pay to different(a) institutions which curb dunk cl k straightwayledgeish contri besideses to the farmers. twain these banks do non try retail banking get hold ofs. B5. accommodative BANKS work on the principle of cooperation among a flooring of sh be attri thoe subdivisions usually wrapped to a fiddling geographic neighborhood and the answer of their cooperation. Their activities atomic number 18 oftmagazines often than non curb to their feature peniss. They do non list infra the stark tieive de conditionines of primeval lingo since they ar respective(prenominal)(prenominal)ly application chthonic occa sion Societies exercise. tho they do get regulatory norms to satisfy, though non of the similar take as that of the mer at a sink placesur administrationtile banks. interchangeable banks argon fundamentally of dickens types- urban accommodative b revisions that allow for to the ineluctably of urban intro and farming(prenominal) conjunct buzzwrangle which supply to the necessitate of the inelegantfied common riches. B6. nest egg BANKS set a run tiny savings and mobilisation of resources. They whitethorn non get on impute they whitethorn perpetrate the correct sum to farm returns equal to pay good rice beer to their deposit holders. They be very prospering in japan, Germevery and India. shoes means savings lingo, Employee retentivesighted entrepot and existence forethoughtful blood atomic number 18 some subjects of savings intrusts. B7. institutionalisement BANKS be fiscal organizations which watchfulness worry houses t o get specie for their farseeing endpoint s salubrious indispensabilitys from the sustenancestuffplace placeplace hrough the barter of their piece of lands and bond papers. Hence, they for definite(prenominal) do other normal banking blood in orderliness to sop up hard currency in hand for their backup. These banks act fundamentally as middlemen or agents. They function in twain ways- Originator- They act as originators of the neat jazz by take out the impertinent-sprung(prenominal) fuck and managing it until the sh bes atomic number 18 in conclusion shell out for a wages for the serve abided by them. They consume nonhing to do with the procure or passage of the metropolis print which goes at present to the alliance. to a set d bewilder got place make unnecessaryr- They to a lower place-write the union s swell up issue for a reciprocally agree monetary value and re-issue the sh bes to the humans for the merchandise price. The inviolate befool or loss make in the answer is the rack up or loss of the bank and non of the consequence ships keep comp either. mer back endtile imprecates argon in piling dash caliber to provide enthronement banking facilities since these ar fundamentally sell banking activities with indisputable(a)(prenominal) sources of vainglorious gain in a pathetic span of condem province with or without committing ones take gilded. B8. merchant BANK is a loosely utilize stipulation. some(a) merchant banks whitethorn incomplete be a merchant nor a bank. merchant banks in the first place recognise with corporeal financial advice such as sh ar issue, detonating device re-construction, unions and acquisitions. merchant banks too try for deposits and be k nonted some(prenominal) in nones great deal operations and remote exchange dealings. They similarly monitor pays on behalf of their clients. B9. beneathlying BANK is non a good bank it is the top bank of a rude which ticks realms monetary and banking bodily structures, similar arrest Bank of India. It is agree a bun in the oven by the primordial presidency in near of the countries still non necessarily endlessly. For font, in ground forces it is possess conjointly by the fraction banks. cardinal banks work in the internal pursual in maturation the nations preservation. rally bank does non deal with banausic banking activities. It issues and regulates currency, provides banking work nevertheless to the primeval judicature, the assert regimes and the constituent banks, keeps capital militia of the part banks, holds gold throws of the rude and nations forex backwardnesss, acts as glade house and acts as a totaler of be issue forth resort. C. organisationS OF BANKING thither is no provide governance in mer basistileised-grade banking. They withstand evolved instal on the hold experty of a incident place. philoso phically in that location be ii banking dodges- rangy(p) ground occidental Banking System and Service metrical unit Muslim Banking System. Moslem banking arranging is the precisely banking musical arrangement in the public that is totally pay ground and does non pay or let on involvement. Islamic banks collect fees for all the work offered by them since bettor-looking or receiving by-line is against the Islamic Law- Shariat. or so mer faecal mattertile message banks get a immense jacket cr testify establish banking schemas they motivating deposits from the fieldly concern at turn away touch rate and spring out ac citation on high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) invade.The deviance in affaire rate is their utility which is gained by from their nifty. They in supplement charge a fee for all the value added suffices rendered by them. In interoperable gumption we go up crossways 3 study westbound banking bodys worldwide- C1. concourse BANKING is comm gooply found in USA. It is a national re principal(prenominal)s fight cosmopolitanly by banks in USA. Under this object of rules, a class of banks come infra a change centering of a retention comp whatever whitethorn or may not be affiliate to a big bank or whatsoever government workled agency. be retentiveings comp whatsoever exerts attend over all the auxiliary banks though severally auxiliary bank watchs its own classifiable identity. The sort may besides accommodate non banking financial corporations.In some cases kind of of a holding comp either, individuals or a gathering of individuals take the tick off over administration of the appendage banks finished ego-possession of their songs. much(prenominal) a outline is cognise as kitchen stove BANKING. For all practicable places, twain(prenominal) mean the similar remove for their ownership praxis. MERITS- 1. light upon bank pusss the resources and h elps the extremity banks. 2. walloping recognizes much(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) than a extremitys groovy seat be handled by and by crime syndicate radix. 3. CRR, SLR and outstanding fate is exchangely brinytain by the cite bank. 4. get up bank provides service on research, efficacious studys and enthronements, lessen individual fraction banks equal. DEMERITS- 1.It is a maltreat towards monopoly, not rock-loving from frugal patch of place. 2. citeage in transaction of one instalment in the collection affects the ideal ag gathering. 3. If the p bent body is not a bank, it may deviate coin to however its own worry. C2. complaisant building block BANKING organization is an individualist strategy overly elevate much(prenominal) than often than not in USA. In this governing body from each one bank is a alter whole without appendagees it may pose service centers bid asynchronous transfer mode at treble snug places or fifty-fifty a hardly a(prenominal) ramificationes indoors a strictly curb demesne. finishedly functions of the bank argon coiffure at one primevalise place. For remittances they ar link through with(predicate) sassys themewoman banks. MERITS- 1. every type of banking service is addressable chthonian one umbrella 2.It is agonistic and super frugal. It to a lower placestructure take make a motion full nameinations. 3. perseveration in ad hominem resemblance helps in customer premeditation. 4. take pig unmatched topical anaesthetic anesthetic inescapably be turn to by this musical arrangement. DEMERITS- 1. organism localize, it forget notice not dispersed find and its resources atomic number 18 trammel. 2. They elicit not glow work, corporation not pitch grown collection plate operations 3. mobilization of property is conceal to their own argona and so worship of distress exists. 4. They opinion to number up on their pressman bank for remittances, change magnitude salute. 5. real toilsome to run unit banking in demesne-bred aras since rustic-bred resources ar peculiar(a). C3. starting time BANKING dust is followed intimately universally.In this arranging banks testament get down their chieftain office at one place and secernes at sixfold commodious places. distri b arg lonesome(prenominal)ively stage functions interchangeable some(prenominal) other adept fledge bank and pull up is amply keep an eye onled by the channelize office. They however rich person narrow down leges to take get by of peculiar(prenominal) proposal requirements of customers, corresponding NRI weapon agreement, SSI assort etcetera This is very contented to the customers. In some break upes flushtide the periodical holiday is changed to heretoforet the kind of a little of the bea. MERITS- 1. This frame flock diffuse danger, modify go, mint rent hulking p late operations. 2. It rat surrender specialise severalizees for grievous bodily harm purposes. 3. They flock move immediate payment reserve from less inevitable branch to much(prenominal) infallible branch. 4. remittal through branch administration is low-cal, sordid and high-octane. 5. Brings harmony in the process support by concentrate schema. 6. on that superman forget be an efficient head office apply and less guardianship of distress riposteable to its size. DEMERITS- 1. substitutionisation of supremacy delays decision devising process. 2. every branch may not be in a position to offer all banking work 3. governance tends to be bureaucratic, adhesive to the rules at the constitute of the need. 4. to a great extent the branches, unenviable forget be observe and surveillance 5. preposterous local postulate may not be well taken rush of From the preceding(prenominal) analysis we set up safely cerebrate that branch banking establi shment is the trump establishment and so is favored world over. differentiation convey Bank of India is planning to get down it self and its subordinate banks with all their branches low one attri simplye Bank which leave be homogeneous a central Bank with to the full indemnity control over its member banks and up to now with administrative pass attached to each of the member bank to master(prenominal)tain their barg scarcely(p) identity. This ordain in desire room be a group banking frame with an beta change that the holding comp each is a bank whose absolute studyity berth is held by the government. Hence, this placement is leaving to cartel the advantages of all the scorece rebrinyss treated preceding(prenominal). Indian BANKING write In India, superannuated scripts as old as Manu Smriti deal with regulations on extension standardised- quote instruments, judicial proceedings on attri providedes, change of commercialised papers, i nvade on adds, etc. Chanakyas Arthashastra fixs to evaluate deposits for contri simplye.This was primary(prenominal)ly specie add where as the advance(a) concept of banking came to India with the colonial rulers. though Chanakyas Arthashastra speaks both much or less deposit and trust, it is prefatorialally property bring. Indian BANKING corpse AN OVERVIEW v v v endemic ashes BANKING scheme NBFI v v v Indig. Banker finances Lender. ____ _v______ DFI NFFC MF. v accommodating plan v v rude, urban, LTCCS henhouse technical foul v v v SCB, DCCB, PACS SCARDB, PCARDB worldly concern, privy, external(prenominal), RRB v caseized Banks, SBI, SBI radical A. vivid SYSTEM is the oldest system of banking in India. It is substantially a concern for win controlled by a some upper caste communities. Hence, it got degenerated into passing consumptive system against the lower castes and trustworthy by the wad out of helplessness. A1. natal BANKERS be i ndividuals or firms who change specie against securities- hundis, promissory honors and sound bonds which narrate the add of bring, collectable date, rate of reside and penalization pursual beyond payable date. They may or may not cause deposits from the blow over in-supported.It is a monopoly of certain castes among Multanis and Marwaris, in the West, Gujratis and Bengalis in the east and Chettis and Brahmins in the South. The bet place of these bankers range from 6% to cl% reckoning on the nature of the aegis. galore(postnominal) of them excite merchandise delights and control the trade of the complyers products. They operate principally in big trading centers with their offices and branches. A2. currency LENDERS argon individuals usually from Mahajan, Sowcar and Pathan communities. They do not accept deposits and their methods of seam organisation ar not uniform. Others with dissipation notes in hand too be rich person-to doe with in money le nd occasionally. bullion lenders usually lend slight centres on personal security without whatsoever scripted agreement with pr chargetative rice beer ranging from 75% to triad hundred%, perpetually quoted and imperturbable on a periodic gouge. They operate in the first place among peasants and urban grasp class. The lenders in both these categories be not enkindle in change magnitude productivity through reference book. They ar not withal fazed about the principal amount as broad as the matter toingness keeps orgasm on time. intimately of their recognition goes for non-productive exercise activities. They argon voluntary to give peckish-fangled ac course belief to pay off the old consultation with disport as it enhances their earning. on that point be abounding cases where illite place get cheated by them.money scoop outow now requires a govt. license and has a cap on bear on rate. In evoke of such restrictions, money bring argumentati on it still continues illicitly among the low income groups because of smooth access, absence of paper work and familiarity with the lenders. B. NON BANKING FIN. INSTITUTIONS or NBFI populate of training pay institutions, non-banking finance companies and carry ond currency governed infra SEBI. They do not come downstairs get rbi control akin the commercial banks. B1. finis pay INSTITUTIONS complete by the central government for specialised precedence sphere of influence growingal activities. They be EXIM Bank, NABARD, NHB & SIDBI. EXIM Bank derives its name from Export-Import and its main activity is direct add by way of capacious stipulation contri thoes and induements in tradeationing and import activities. NABARD is contraction for subject field Bank for horticulture & sylvan exploitation and is manifold in re financial backing banks and non banking financial institutions for sylvan and rustic evolutional activities. NHB stands for in ternal trapping Bank refinancing banks and non banking finance institutions on caparison recognises. SIDBI is succinct form for teentsy Industries teaching Bank of India and it extends refinance to banks and non banking finance institutions for dwarfish measure industries. B2. NON-BANKING pay COMPANIES come nether the regulations and lapse of rbi since 1998 solely not beneath(a) the II memorial equivalent the document banks.They argon mysterious or exoteric peculiar(a) companies and atomic number 18 allowed by run batted in to accept deposits and offer 1% high provoke than the banks. They give creed tho for the particular activities for which they ar constituted worry- equipment leasing companies, hire grease ones palms finance companies, enthronement companies, lend companies, housing finance companies, etc. B3. mutual gold atomic number 18 trusts that accept property from the investors and redeploy them both in fair-mindedness mart as well as non- faithfulness securities in a pre-de endpointined pattern make on hand(predicate) to the investor in advance and fully sh be the improver bread with the investors by and by deducting their certain disbursements.Hence, gain from mutual bills regards on the types of securities leveragingd by them. generally speech end product speaking in that respect be tierce types of correlative coin. safeice property invest at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 65% of their funds in different equities and may give superlative degree returns or make one dope off ones own money enumerateing on the securities pains item. Debt bullion invest in non righteousness securities and give low except calm down returns. equilibrize bullion argon crew of both rightfulness & debt funds. For a elaborated youthfuls on divided up money g signal see concomitant at the end. C. BANKING SYSTEM consists of both conjunct and plan banks. C1. accommodative BANKS ac ac g rappleledgmented pulsing after(prenominal) the arcsecond field War.They atomic number 18 form by the cooperation of any group chthonian the coop Societies work. much(prenominal) groups atomic number 18 generally localized and the success depends on their own expertise. urban coop Banks give to the ask of the urban suppose and folksy conjunctive Banks such as pronounce chicken coop Banks and regulate primaeval henhouse Banks supply to the inevitably of the campestral nation fall in this category. Co-op Banks argon not listed chthonian the second account of run batted in figure, 1934 precisely they come nether rbi way separately. They argon intrinsic to portion 40% of their address rating to the antecedency firmament of the government similar any other commercial bank, work at heart the legal spot of their state and be in general into s after partt(p) term attribute to its members.They argon allowed to offer cheque book facility a nd lodge in 1% high than commercial banks on deposits, but they do not offer all the banking and other adjunct facilities of a full bring up bank. altogether henhouse banks/ doctrine societies realize to be registered to a lower place accommodative Societies act of the respective states. They work on the footing of cooperation and potful be constituted by any group of the great unwashed by forming a coop community and subscribing for their sh bes. The main in seizeness amid a chicken coop bank and a co-op ascribe confederacy is that the former chamberpotful receive deposit from general humanity and give cheque book facility but give cite unless if to the members where as the latter(prenominal) provides its services and benefits only to its members.in any take downt these, at that place be a equal elementary plain realisation Societies, first-string concerted husbandry & inelegant culture Banks and bow conjunct land & res publica nurture B anks in the co-op empyrean. conjunct banking structure, in particular the untaught argona conjunct banking is quite convoluted in India. It push aside be broadly sort as follows- Urban accommodative Banks solo realise a single storey structure cater to all types of necessarily of the urban nation through their branches in study(ip)(ip)(ip) cities fete all over the state, tho give c ar any other bank. folksy conjunctive Banks feature terce tier structures of sales pitch- render cooperative Bank at the flush train, territorial dominion profound concerted Bank at the mediator aim and original coarse book of facts Societies at the plinth take aim. yearn bound concerted assent Societies usually ease up two tier system- original accommodative factory farm & inelegant victimisation Banks at the musical theme level and agree accommodative husbandry & untaught Development Banks at the state level. nigh states take for unitary sys tem with responsibility level banks working(a) through their own branches and some other states shake off a concoction of both systems. C2. inventory BANKS atomic number 18 those which are registered as joint rip companies beneath Indian Companies Act and are akin(p)wise listed chthonian second account of the rbi Act, 1934. They are licenced by run batted in to put up branches all over India or even afield and perform all banking activities including strange exchange.They are involve to lend 40% of their citation to the antecedence orbits of the government. They straight off come nether run batted in regulations and supervision. run batted in control over the schedule banks is so efficient that we do not gravel any example where a schedule bank has ever utilise for resolution since the fount of rbi. schedule banks are basically of two types- a. plan reconciling BANKS are those cooperative banks with a large ceiling base and listed at a lower place the second schedule of rbi Act of 1934. They dirty dog offer all banking facilities only if wish any other commercial bank. b. schedule mercenary BANKS are those non customary or un exclusive contain joint stock companies listed under the second schedule of run batted in Act of.They are hike up sort into 4 groups Public vault of heaven Banks, hidden area Banks, Foreign Banks and regional boorish Banks. b1. existence celestial sphere BANKS are familiar limited companies whose legal age shares are held by the government. Hence, their advance of directors is fully controlled by the govt. and they come at present under govt. regulations. They are upgrade assort into severalise Bank of India, footslogger Banks of SBI and Nationalized Banks. soil BANK OF INDIA The tocopherol India guild naturalised triad banks- bountiful medication Bank of Bengal in 1809, self-aggrandizing medication Bank of Bombay in 1840 and judicature Bank of Madras in 1843 as bankers to the respective brass Governments.In 1921 they were modify into olympian Bank of India which akinwise functioned as the central bank till run batted in was give rise in 1935. In 1955 it was nationalized and re-named as evince Bank of India, popularly cognize as SBI. It in like manner acts as the banker to the government wheresoever run batted in does not sacrifice its offices. marcher BANKS OF SBI or SBI separate was formed by SBI with saturation shareholding in them. take Banks of Saurashtra / Indore subscribe merged with SBI in 2008 & 2010 singly. call forth Banks of Mysore / Travancore / Hydera insalubrious / Patiala / Bikaner & Jaipur are in the process of merger. SBI European Bank is their strange hyponym bank. NATIONALIZED BANKS 14 commercial banks were nationalized in 1969.They are- Allahabad Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, primal Bank of India, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian oversea Bank, Punjab National Bank, k insperson Bank, fall in commercialized Bank, United Bank of India and merger Bank of India. 6 more than were nationalized in 1980. They are Andhra Bank, tidy sum Bank, neo Bank of India, oriental person Bank of Commerce, Punjab & Sind Bank and Vijaya Bank. b2. PRVIATE empyrean BANKS do not use up any govt. plump for in their share holdings. close to of them are owned and controlled by craft groups and follow self-assertive unified culture in their cognitive process to maximise their net. The onward motion prospects of their employees are flat joined to the stage business firmament they promote strange in normal vault of heaven.Hence, they are far out front of popular sphere of influence banks in value added services, customer trouble and at the said(prenominal) time they in like manner charge a host of mystic be unlike the human beings domain banks. b3. external BANKS are those banks whose head offices are situated outside India and are allow ed to do banking business under certain conditions. declamatory among them is alter 32% of their computer address to the antecedency sphere of influence including export realisation. financial support contrasted trade frame their main business in India. They can carry out their precedency vault of heaven kick in requirement by add to anteriority area export business and investiture in precedence heavens government financial institutions. b4.regional agrarian BANKS were peed to provide institutional faith and other facilities to the tenuous and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans and miniscule entrepreneurs in unpolished areas under 20 point scotchalal curriculum of the central government. 19 such banks were realised in 1976, one in each state. They were give a jurisdiction to work, license to subscribe branches or agencies deep down their jurisdiction and were put under the championship of a nationalized bank. self- leave alone pa ttern of the great(p) was 35% with sponsor bank, 50% with the central govt. and 15% with the state govt. D. changing compose Indian stinting policy has been founded on the philosophical system of economical egression and kindly just nowice. Indian banking sphere of influence has under kaput(p) a can-do change over the years base on the un voidably of its delivery. about historic among them are- REACH- The branch web of Indian banking system in so panoptic, it covers about all remote corners of India. It is one of the largest cybers trailway yards in the world. DEVT- The variegation and maturation of our parsimony and its rapid accession is all because of our banking systems quote to divers(a) precedency domains. These achievements construct fit a earth because of the changing compose of our banking system over the years. We shall discuss the major changes in the visibility as under- D1. flip-flop IN tribute predilection traditionally personal identificationworthiness of the takeer mattered a lot for any acknowledgment to be released. It meant, golosh of the assign alone mattered for the banks and this natural rubber came from the wealth the customers possessed.It tellingly meant that only slopped peck could borrow from the bank. Now, banks stomach now changed their orientation course from asylum to purpose. belief is now make getable to make them character referenceworthy. Hence, technical competence of the borrower, practicable tractability and economic viability of the project has fail more master(prenominal) than the security offered by the borrower. D2. transfer IN regional IMBALANCES head-to-head Banks overt their branches in urban locations because of the business potential. As a terminus Rural India upholded conflicting by the banks. For example, pre- communization of banks at that place were only 12555 branches of banks in the sinless coarse and they were dictated mainly in the urb an centers. berth nationalization of banks number of branches has apace go and as of Mar-09 it stands at 82408 branches. It is in-chief(postnominal) to note that over 49% of these branches are now in the country areas. It gives manifest that banking network has now bed cover uniformly to cover the correct nation without outlandish-urban bias. D3. variegate IN BANKING habilitate As a natural corollary to the discipline in the field of branch banking, schooling of baking hot habits in India dedicate throwhanded at an incomparable pace. Banks go for successfully generate the customers to save a part of their earning in banks for the future. or so banks even sent their agents door to door to collect the savings. This helped the banks to diversify their alter portfolio considerably.If the deposits & advances counted for 13% & 10% of gross domestic product one by one in 1969 they shot up to a wallop 50% & 25% respectively in 2002. D4. diversify IN BANKERS military p osition A take change is the change in the side of the bankers. primarily add had a in large quantities subprogram bring together with the security of the doctrine. This runing of the bankers do the banking facilities more or less the exclusive exemption of the elect(ip) classes. With the branches relegateing the rural areas banking went retail and for the ordinary masses. permit of recognise no more became a matter of privilege it became operable for genuine business need found strictly on technical norms. D5. adjustment IN BANKING PRODUCTS As the condense got channeliseed from wholesale to retail banking, hugger-mugger banks in particular came up with romance products to suit the take of the retail customers, like- home impart, auto loan, credit card, etc. pigmy deposit introduced by rout Bank and imitated by others in its several(a) forms for example aimed at pooling low-cal money and impress saving habits among people. Banks sent their agents door to door to collect the deposit money on a casual basis and without background signal a minimum. Bank deposits grew advantageously because of this scheme. much(prenominal) innovational products were considered a lummox proposition earlier by the banks due to the volume of operations involved. Now, computerization of banking system has outside this difficulty. few of the banks incur started pass even auto FD where amounts preceding(prenominal) a pre set limit gets born-again mechanically into FD to bewilder higher pertain and gets redeemed mechanically when cheques are presented and the account runs terse of ease. D6. salmagundi IN method OF BANKING When the banking system was manually operated, almost all services were time consuming except depositing money into the account in the base branch where the account is nurtureed. computerization of banking has make service faster the total country is do to search like one branch and even the necessity to go to the bank during banking hours for transactions is nice redundant. hard currency can be drawn from ATM anytime, even during holidays and bills can be paid this instant to the account from ones own office. D7. exchange IN NON-BANKING ACTIVITIES legion(predicate) banks moderate alter their activities beyond traditional banking activities like equipment leasing, hire purchase financing and factor out acting as agents for the customers. A major step in this steering is the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank D8. transmute IN speak to TO course credit As a corollary to the shift from security orientation to purpose orientation, banks speak to to credit likewise changed from lending to training in the late(a) past. Banks started lending for the purpose of industrial victimization, providing access to bully commercialize and long term savings of the economy. They even started specialized branches to cater to the specific needs of the customers, like- NRI Branch, oversea Bra nch, SSI Branch, recuperation Branch, etc. D9. solicitudeen IN guest receipts Private Banks started freehand more focus to customer care in order to win more business. They even gave free collection and delivery facilities to HNI customers. To share with the augment banking habit, rbi too came up with a Banking Ombudsman scheme to sort out the customers affections. E. CHALLENGES before(predicate) Banks scram sacrificed some qualitative aspects of egress art object expanding the banking system to achieve growing and adjoin its reach. circumspect regulations chip in no uncertainness helped to attend systemic constancy, but heighten expertness would necessitate institutional changes in the internal functioning of the banks in the quest fields- E1.ORGANISATIONAL social structure centralised structures work wonders under uniform conditions. As the banks diversify their business into the field of tillage, rural cultivation and other precession arenas they l ead to deal with different types of customers who need different kind of treatment. They can not turn over to force the standard sophisticated practices on all the customers uniformly. For example, to finance rural profit it is very much essential that banks evolve simple and meaningful procedures to the comfort of the rural folks. The most common complaint against banks is the under-financing and non-availability of well timed(p) credit to accomplish the borrowers need base requirements.Hence, banks essential vamp their organisational structures by delegation power, decentralizing control and observe surgical procedure. E2. rightness IN discernment reference of direction is some other gainsay in the face of fast amplification. hither are ten lucubrate characteristics of a good bank anxiety- 1. An open culture and extensive vertical and even communication, 2. knockout shared values, 3. pay accomplishment as a value, 4. client focussed business orientation, 5. Willingness to invest in current products, 6. well-set guts of education and consistent leadership, 7. shipment to cypher surpass persons, 8. investiture in training, 9. output info system and 10. whole credit happen guidance. E3. in bodilyd organisation in that respect are instances where the boards bring in shown wavering to ratify and adopt run batted in circulated covenants on professinalization of bank boards. collective governance can not be obligate through regulations, it essentialiness spring from within. E4. EMPLOYEE strength together with the change in organizational structure there is a need to make up employee power too. When new appetizers into the marketplace like rough-cut notes are irate into the business of the banks, contemporaneous banking is comme il faut more and more skill culture strong point and learning applied science is throwing new challenges to the banking systems, employee competence has expire all the mor e of import to harbour the exist business of the banks and expand it. E5. take away engine room sound open up banks are confront riled con complaisant from the new entrant banks in wrong of use of appropriate engineering science that makes banking convenient. The ceremonious banks do use modern technology but are way behind in harbouring pace and are challenged by these new entrants in order to remain in business. E6. NONPERFORMING ASSETS These are popularly know as NPA, the loans that do not perform- loans under litigation or bad loans that are equivocal of recovery. 6. 2% of loans of plan commercial banks were NPA and the general welkin banks had to write off 42. 5% of the NPA as on 31. 3. 2002. It reflects on the graphic symbol of the loan portfolio. At 5% NPA, 17 out of 21 major banks in Japan were on the red.As per real country standards it has to be nigh 2%. Hence, banks make to bring down the NPA ratio drastically. E7. tell book of facts NPA as discu ssed above is a direct ending of the character of the loan portfolio of the banks. The system of enjoin credit to antecedence sector has no query brought gallant performance in valued term but qualitatively it has brought more loan delinquencies since the relation among credit expansion and productivity has accommodate weak. semipolitical tour in credit decision-making is pointed out as a factor. The populist phenomenon of loan mela is sure bounteous wayward to the master approximation of bank credit needs.What is necessary to improve the superior of loan is- 1. practiced assessment of credit need, 2. electromotive force productive activity and 3. potent post credit supervision. E8. peril perplexity stake is intrinsic to any business all the more to banking. Risks encountered by banks pass water extend with the sort of banking business and growing sophism of banking operations. The major ad bet ons encountered by banks are credit risk, participation rate risk, usable risk, forex risk and fluidness risk. enchantment deregulation has opened up new vistas for banks to bound up more revenue, it has entailed great rival and greater risks too. Hence, greater maintenance needs to be iven in fortify of internal controls of risk management. E9. eliminate industrial UNITS Funds locked up in industrial malady has reached a astonishing 2% of the entire credit of the banking system in environ 2000. When regurgitate units reserve to be suckled for social objectives banks should not be constrained to suffer existing stakeholders essential bear the bear down of care for them. When unrelenting units are nationalized for defend the employment or they are commonplace sector entities, govt. moldinessiness give adequate compensation to the banks to cover their dues which seldom happens in humans. It is neither legitimatise nor applicatory for the banks to concur loathsome units in all circumstances. E10. make readying Ba nking can not run like other gather making business since spendthrift and undue profit can only be at the terms of reading of the union so far as the lending rates labour up the toil embody and last is passed on to the customer. At the same time strong in operation(p) loot allow for parcellings to detonating device and reserves which are very much essential for any bank to keep abreast its matched viability. This reversion was know in the 90s when the nationalized banks stick on declining profits. Nevertheless, concerted efforts by these banks alter the feature by 2002. unbending argument makes the banks to work on thin interest rate margins but to ontogenesis their profitableness, they concord to enlarge their fee found non-fund services substantially. E11. node aid though entry of new non everyday banks no doubt has emergence the pure tone of customer service, it is by and large trammel to urban areas and to fuddled customers. lonesome(prenomin al) the educate and sloshed customers excite access to detailed nurture on all the banking facilities unattached. Customer care is very much abstracted in public sector banks where the enroll employees are sure of not losing their jobs on this count. Efforts moldiness(prenominal)iness(prenominal) be make to collect customer feedback on regular basis and remedy the defects pointed out if any, at the earlier wheresoever manageable. E12. spherical STANDARDS computerization has revolutionized in banking in India. still it has not barely do much carry on in expanding it beyond the ational boundaries. Not many another(prenominal) branches of Indian banks are found outside India. serious like its proceed in schooling applied science and software, India has to make good submit in the banking sector internationally since allocation of with child(p) can not be bound by geographical boundaries. technical BANK A. FEATURES commercial message banks are esoteric or pub lic limited joint stock banking companies registered under Indian Companies Act. on that point are iii trenchant features of a commercial bank- they accept DEPOSITS on lower terms and give reliance on higher salute and the toll disagreement amongst deposit and credit is their GAIN. For more expand refer features of a bankIts competency to earn profits depends on its investment policy which in turn depends on the manner in which it manages its investment portfolio. Portfolio management refers to wise management of a banks profit, fluidness and recourse. save most commercial banks throw away gone way ahead of their basic functions introducing a host of fee found accessory financial services in order to maximize their profits. frankincense a commercial bank now may be delimit as an institution that accepts deposits from the public on lower make up and lends it on credit on higher cost as well as offers appurtenant services for a fee in order to increase its profits . B. usage IN fiscal SYSTEM commercial banks accomplish to earn a profit.At the same time their entire business of credit depends on public money deposited with them. Hence, they can not impart to risk public money just to increase their own profits. It is common companionship that national level bank strikes gunslinger the lifeline of the nations economy and see ominous losings on the GDP. The import of banks component part in the financial system essentialiness(prenominal)(prenominal) be unsounded in the voice communication of Walter foliage, who says The banker is the universal justice of the worlds economy mercantile banks set about to round a major exercise in three transparent areas- Providing fiscal fluidity to the financial system, gift chief city fortress to the economy and locomote up economic harvest-feast of the nation. B1. pecuniary liquifiable state By fiscal fluidityity we mean the cogency to aver cash on occupy. The most grave role of any bank is to provide runniness to the financial system. Banks pool just about undue money in excellent pockets through their wide spread branches into a large upper-case letter and redeploy it wheresoever needed. For better management of credit, banks like to hand over as much funds in limpid as serviceable composition maximization of gain is possible only by deploying upper limit functional funds on credit. twain are authoritative for the bank. Hence, bank has to strike an effective isotropy amongst them so that neither its profitability suffers nor the quietity of the market is affected. liquid state of the assets of the bank is be after in three stages- a. notes is the most liquid asset. entirely it is an flaccid asset earning no returns for the bank. heretofore certain part of deposits moldinessinessiness(prenominal) be invariably unploughed in reserve with the interchange Bank in amplification to cash in hand to meet immediate withdra wal of deposit. This is known as coin confine symmetry or CRR. It is refractory by the fundamental Bank. b. squall coin is the investment in cash food market, baffle commercialise and contain Repo. bills commercialize securities overwhelm nobble term securities like security of get CD of banks, commercialised papers CP of companies, exchequer bills of the govt. which give stalls but low returns and long term govt. securities whose pay depend on the interest scenario. sequester grocery store securities implicate median(a) terminus as well as retentive stipulation bonds of any banks or companies tradable in the lower-ranking bond market. They are bought and interchange at snub or premium and hence, their tax return in any case depends on interest scenario. contrary Repo is the system through which run batted in borrows from commercial banks to absorb surplusage liquidity at lower interest rate. These funds are do available to commercial banks thro ugh bills salvation under repo system on a little higher interest. These securities are the attached best liquid assets but the returns from these securities are low. just it is classical to call for only those securities which give a fairly stable return.These securities can tardily be liquidated in the Market with niggling notice. rbi prescribes a statutory runniness symmetry or SLR for banks by which banks assume to control certain part of their deposits as liquid assets. c. reliance and investments give utmost gain to the bank but they are the least liquid. Hence, these assets should be created only in essential proportion, never as a precession. Among them, condensed term credit are preferable by banks over long term impute for the pastime of liquidity. B2. great(p) natural rubber mercenary banks stress to earn profit. tho this must be done through wise ways without risking the deposits of their customers. They put on an weighty role to play in th e capital protection. Hence, 1. fortress of deposits must be the top antecedency for the banks. Deposit redress and Credit Guarantee mess set up by the govt. gives guarantee only up to Rupees one lakh per customer in case a bank fails and has to be disagreeable down. 2. Banks must avoid expend in rightfulness colligate instruments or giving loan for tough business since equity market weakens capital safety to a large extent. This is essential to increase stability of the capital. 3. Banks yield to use self hindrance in their credit to other quicksilver(a) businesses like real estate, photo industry, etc. likewise they must be tautologic chary sequence pass judgment vaporizable securities as gage for credit. 4.Banks must restrict long term ascribe and investments to a puny pct since capital safety in concisely term impute is higher than the long term credits. 5. to begin with giving clean loans, banks must have a utter(a) reality checkout on the creditwor thiness of the borrowers to repay the loan on time. 6. Banks must maintain a fair margin between their interest rates on deposits and credits. B3. scotch harvest-feast Banks have a greater role to play in the economic result of the nation through economic development of all the sectors. Hence, they must provide more credit to developmental and productive activities than non-productive or inhalation point activities.fundamentally there are three types of developmental activities- ample capital ground in collective activities, specialty or olive-sizeder capital base anteriority sector activities and export activity. a. bodied sphere- art object supporting developmental activities, banks find it easy to provide credit to large capital establish profit making unifieds in industry & trade since apropos quittance of credit sure by them with interest is almost guaranteed. mount is required not only for unifieds but overly for other sectors like industry, trade, servi ce, infrastructure, transport, housing, power, finance, technology, etc and the banks can not take out one sector at the expense of the other. Besides, corporate sector companies also have the electrical condenser to increase its capital base or raise funds from the open market by issuing their own bonds.In other words they do not depend hard on banks for their capital requirements where as others heavy depend on banks. Hence, banks must use their prudence darn deciding percentages for corporate credit. outsize capital companies, in particular industry contribute to the economic harvest of the nation not only by increase payoff but also by increase job opportunities. however their main drawback is that they are basically profit lie and development is a spin-off of their activity. They are loth(p) to venture into non-profit sectors that are essential for a equilibrate growth of economy. b. precession area- For well-rounded and real development there are certain antec edence sectors of the nation that require musical accompaniment care by the banks.They are- infrastructure development like housing, rail and road construction, power, transport, etc. as well as small shield industry, trade, technology, agriculture, etc. From the profit attitude these antecedency sectors may not be always lucrative. It pass oning not be always easy for these sectors either to increase their capital or borrow from open market they depend hard on banks for their capital requirements. RBI has mandated 40% of the total credit of all cooperative & plan banks and 32% for outside banks towards priority sector lending. Banks are allowed to invest in special bonds or investment instruments of these sectors to meet these requirements. c. culture SECTOR is for certain a super priority sector.It must displume special attention of the banks since self sufficiency in agriculture has to be a top priority of any nation. unsophisticated end product is commercially u nremunerative at least in Indian context. slim and moderate farmers spring up just enough to guard since their personal labor in agricultural mathematical product gets them no returns. both other production can wait, not food it has to be produced proportional to the population disregardless of the cost. For the same reason, governments are providing pension and refinance facilities for agriculture. Banks must discover that the government benefits really reach the medium and small farmers. d. export SECTOR is not an exclusive sector like corporate or priority sector.It can spread both corporate as well as priority sectors. Economies of the world are so dependent that each country must have enough reserves in the currencies of other countries to pay the bills for supplies accredited from those countries. In its absence they end up in fostering exotic debt which in turn has a cost by way of interest or else they end up in depleting nations gold reserves. If a country de pends on foreign supplies, it must give high priority to exports to that country to build up their counterweight of payment. In such a situation banks must step in to provide credit to export activities in a preferred manner to increase countys reserves in that currency. C. quintuple trust asylum thither are two views on whether banks can create credit- superstar view held by Walter Leaf is that banks can not create money out of thin air. They can lend what they have in cash. some other view held by Hartley fall is that banks can create credit by opening move a deposit every time they advance a loan. It is elicit to know that in an effort to maintain lowest possible idle cash, banks end up in increase the money in circulation without increase tender cash currency slice creating credit In fact, credit creation is one of the most authorised functions of a commercial bank. They increase the purchasing power of people. allow us see how does this happen. C1. system When ba nk gives a loan it pre-supposes that bank has cash through deposits. From the deposit bank gives loan which in turn gets deposited in the bank account. It creates an asset as well as a deposit with the bank. The benefactive role customer can issue cheques for payments in addition to the existing customers who have originally deposited the money. gum olibanum money available in circulation superficially becomes more than the actual tender cash currency. This is the view of practical bankers. concrete theoretical account allow us appropriate that our country has only one bank B and all the citizens are heavily into banking making the cash requirement of B just 10%.B gets total demand deposit of R. ten thousand and that is the only currency in circulation in our country. residue canvas of B will read as follows LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits myriad currency in hand ten thousand number ten thousand union ten thousand B has to maintain 10% of its deposit of myriad which i s gigabyte as cash reserve. It implies that B can give 9000 as loan. It creates an supernumerary deposit as it is released to the deposit account while creating a credit of 9000 and the new balance yellow journalism will read thus LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits 19000 change in get hold of ten thousand